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Energy in poultry diets
While protein, vitamins and minerals are referred to as nutrients, energy -the 4th and most costly part of the diet- is not a nutrient but the property of energy yielding nutrients. Dietary nutrients that yield energy are protein, fat and carbohydrates. Dietary energy level is the main factor influencing feed intake, as birds will, under normal circumstances, eat to satisfy their energy needs. Therefore the dietary nutrients, protein vitamins and minerals should vary in relation to the dietary energy content of the diet, if they are not to become deficient, with low feed intakes, or overconsumed, with low energy diets. While there are a number of factors, such as level of protein, balance of essential amino acids and perhaps level of some of the other dietary nutrients, that can influence the cost of a diet, the level of dietary energy is usually the main factor influencing diet cost.
Sorghum can be utilized to replace corn in areas where corn is not readily available. Serine protease has been proposed to improve the digestibility of sorghum because it could degrade disulfide bonds of kafirin proteins. One experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of sorghum inclusion level and the addition of a serine protease on chicken live performance from 1 to 35 d of age. Eight treatments from a 4x2 factorial arrangement with 4 inclusion levels of...
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Introduction The influence of protein and energy on growth performance and carcass traits in broiler chickens have been intensively studied in the literature and the investigation is ongoing because the performance of modern broiler chickens improves every couple of years as a result of successfully selective breeding program. However, starch and lipid are the two major source of energy in typical broiler diets and little information about the influence of starch and lipid on...
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Introduction Local chickens constitute a majority of the estimated 170 million poultry birds found in Nigeria and contribute substantially to annual egg and meat production (> 90%) for family consumption and for sale (FAOSTAT 2012; Khobondo et al 2015). In most developing countries these birds are mainly managed extensively in resource-limited/poor or rural households and thereby contribute substantially to their food security. However, such local...
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INTRODUCTION Awareness about the importance of maternal diet on offspring health is increasing. Maternal nutrition is being studied in livestock species as a way of improving offspring growth and production (Rehfeldt et al., 2011; Long et al., 2012; van Emous et al., 2015b). The poultry industry is constantly working to increase carcass yield and obtain a fast growing broiler, and manipulation of maternal diet can be one way of increasing broiler performance (Calini and Sirri,...
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The liver plays a key role as being the center of a number of digestive, metabolic and productive activities. Oxidative stress leads to biological damage and is regarded as one of the causes of several pathologies that affect poultry growth. In heat stressed broilers, liver cells...
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1. Introduction Sorghum has been described as an enigmatic grain for chicken meat production because sorghum-based broiler diets have been associated with sub-optimal performance of chickens under Australian conditions (Selle et al., 2013). Six red 'tannin-free' grain sorghum varieties harvested on the Liverpool Plains of New South Wales in 2009 were extensively characterised and compared in broilers offered sorghum-casein diets (Khoddami et al., submitted for publication). On...
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INTRODUCTION Globally, different energy and amino acid levels are used in different regions, although it is unknown the magnitude by which these dietary nutrients are influenced by feed cost or biological nutrient requirements. Furthermore, a study that explains nutrient trends, body composition and nutrient efficiency in one systemized approach over time as a way to gain insight into the future should shed light on biological mechanisms in modern broiler chickens. As...
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Introduction The neonatal period is a time when the chick requires special management and nutrition Provide good environmental and nutritional conditions for day-old chicks are crucial for obtaining the full performance potential of the chicks later in life and maintaining profitable business for producers. The neonatal chicks remain approximately 24-48 h without feed and water after removal from the hatchery until placement in the farm. This gap between...
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INTRODUCTION Several by-products are obtained during the processing of soy oil (SO) for human consumption, as well as through its transesterification required for biodiesel production. By-products from these processes are generally cheap and are sometimes used in poultry feeds and include lecithin (LEC), acidulated soy soapstock (ASS), and glycerol (GLY). Lecithin is removed by centrifuging crude soy oil, representing around 1.5 to 3.1 % of the original source (Overland et...
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PHYTOCEE™ Natural Defence Enhancer for poultry - Natural Remedies
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INTRODUCTION Temperature is the most important environmental factor in animal production and directly affects animal responses. Domestic birds are homeotherm animals and therefore must expend energy to maintain body temperature, in order to have adequate biochemical, physiological and behavioral responses (Al-Saffar, 2002). At high temperatures, the feather coverage is one of the factors that impair dissipation of the...
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Introduction Wheat, maize and sorghum are the three most commonly used grains in the poultry industry worldwide (Liu et al., 2014). These cereal grains usually constitute a major proportion (60 - 70%) of the diet fed to broilers (Black et al., 2005). Although cereals represent a major source of energy for birds, there are wide variations in the energy and nutrient content of different species and cultivars of cereals (Choct & Hughes, 1999). Specifically, wheat is perceived...
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Effect of <i>Cordyceps militaris </i> Hot Water Extract on Immunomodulation-associated Gene Expression in Broilers, Gallus gallus (Extract)
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Guillermo Tellez (University of Arkansas) explained the benefits of using rye in the diet and discussed gut inflammation and changes in microbiome, during IPPE 2018 in Atlanta, USA....
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Introduction Poultry meat being a high quality animal protein source plays significant role in maintaining the health and nutrition of the people (Shahzad et al ., 2011). Along with broilers, 35.4 million spent birds (27.4 million layers and 8.0 million breeders) are also being used at the end of egg production cycle contributing more than 46,000 metric tones of poultry meat per annum in Pakistan (Anonymous, 2009; Mahmud et al .,...
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Updated Vitamin Requirements Across Species: Microvit® Nutrition Guide
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NTRODUCTION For efficient production of animal products, the right amount of nutritionally adequate feedstuff should be supplied to the animal. All dietary components, such as energy, amino acid (AA), vitamins, and minerals are important when formulating diets for swine and poultry, however more attention should be given to the dietary energy and AA, as these components account for major cost of swine and poultry diets. A deficiency of essential AA and energy results in a...
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INTRODUCTION The intestinal epithelium constitutes the largest and most important barrier against external environmental agents and has two critical functions: to prevent the entry of harmful intraluminal microorganisms, antigens, and toxins, and to enable the selective translocation of dietary nutrients and electrolytes into circulation (Salminen and Isolauri, 2006; Salzman, 2011; Elson and Cong, 2012). One of the basic...
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DL-Methionine and L-Methionine are Equally Efficient in Broilers
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Introduction. The substitution of corn to sorghum, in addition to a lower price, has greater resistance to drought, which favors its cultivation in various regions with low rainfall (Fialho; Barbosa, 1997). Although rustic, sorghum loses to be less productive and the carotenoid deficiency in maize, an effect that may be corrected by inclusion of pigments in the diets of poultry (Oliveira et al., 2008). The aim of this study was to evaluate the...
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INTRODUCTION Acidulated soapstock is a fat source produced by the acidification of residues produced during the refining of vegetal oil for human consumption. Several types of soapstock have been used in broiler feeding, and are composed either of a unique source or blends of different fats. Soapstocks have high free fatty acid content. Acidulated Soybean Soapstock (ASS), for example, is composed by around 70% free fatty acids compared to less than 1% in soybean oil (Lipstein...
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1. Introduction Sorghum is a problematic feed grain for chicken-meat production which has been considered in two reviews (Selle et al., 2010; Liu et al., 2015). A distinctive feature of sorghum is kafirin, the dominant protein fraction. Kafirin classically makes up 55% of sorghum protein and is present as discrete protein bodies located in the sorghum endosperm with a central core of a-kafirin enveloped by peripheral...
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