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Antimicrobials in poultry
Antimicrobial agents are essential tools for treating and controlling bacterial infections in poultry production. Veterinarians have a huge responsibility when using antimicrobials in poultry producing meat and eggs for human consumption. The term ‘judicious use’ of antimicrobials implies the optimal selection of drug, dose and duration of antimicrobial treatment, along with a reduction in inappropriate and excessive use as a means of slowing the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The proper use of antimicrobials depends on the knowledge of interrelationships between bacteria, antimicrobial, host and consumer. The antimicrobial groups most commonly used in poultry are the betalactams, polypeptides, aminoglycosides and aminocyclitols, macrolides and lincosamides, florfenicol, tetracyclines, sulphonamides, quinolones and fluoroquinolones and ionophores.
INTRODUCTION Currently, there is a major concern in the society with the use of antimicrobial agents in livestock feed, and such chemicals can be added to the feed as either therapeutic agents or performance enhancers. As enhancers, lower antimicrobial doses are used for longer periods, which can potentiate selection of resistant bacteria (Baurhoo et al., 2009). For this reason, a great pressure has been exerted by the society to reduce the use of antimicrobials in the...
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In many scientific publications, journals, articles, etc. reference is made to EUBIOSIS, but... What does this term refer to and why is it so important to be understood? Eubiosis is defined as the balance of the intestinal microbial ecosystem and is considered a fundamental concept in the field of human and animal health. The gut microbiota is a complex community of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa located throughout the intestinal tract. A gut microbiota in a eubiotic state is...
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INTRODUCTION According to the World Health Organization, Campylobacter is a leading cause of the diarrheal disease (World Health Organization [WHO], 2018). The genus Campylobacter is comprised of over 20 species. Strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are generally considered some of the more significant concerns among foodborne pathogens for human health (Korczak et al., 2006; Havelaar et al., 2012; World Health Organization [WHO], 2018; Centers for Disease...
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Allison Fortner
The University of Georgia’s Department of Poultry Science is advancing scientific innovation in research by strategically hiring faculty who are tackling the foremost problems in Georgia’s valuable poultry industry. These new faculty in the...
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Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a poultry disease of global concern mainly due to reduced growth, increased mortality, and increased veterinary and management costs associated with it (Wade and Keyburn, 2015). Clostridium perfringens , a spore-forming gram-positive bacterium, is considered to be the causative agent of NE in chickens. In the past, the common remedy to ameliorate the negative effects of NE was an addition of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in feed. However, with AGP...
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Introduction Poultry producers attempt to control infectious diseases through a variety of means, including appropriate farm management practices and breeding genetically resistant lines (Sartika et al. 2011; Scott et al. 2018). Unfortunately, existing farming conditions favour increased chicken densities in poultry houses, increasing the risk of spreading entero-pathogens such as Salmonella and Clostridium spp. (FAO 2013). For over half a century,...
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Chickens and other poultry products are some of the most popular primary food products throughout the world 1 . However, poultry products can be contaminated by pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter thus their presence has been frequently implicated in outbreaks associated with consumption of poultry products 2–4 . As consumers become more interested in food safety and the consumption of poultry and poultry products increase,...
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1. Introduction Necrotic enteritis (NE) is caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium perfringens [1], while the etiological agents of coccidiosis are Eimeria, a genus of apicomplexan parasites [2]. Both NE and coccidiosis are among the most economically significant infectious diseases facing the poultry industry causing growth retardation, morbidity, and even mortality [1,2]. With a growing number of countries having withdrawn in-feed antimicrobials for growth promotion...
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INTRODUCTION Tight junctional complexes comprise a key component of the intestinal barrier by sealing the apical surfaces of adjacent epithelial cells. “Leaky” tight junctions provide paracellular portals through which pathogenic bacteria can cross the gastrointestinal epithelium and ultimately enter the systemic arterial circulation. This process of bacterial leakage across the intestinal epithelial barrier, known as bacterial translocation, can lead to the...
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Introduction Antimicrobials, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, are used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals, and plants. 1 Microbes can become resistant to antimicrobials as a result of ineffective or prolonged antimicrobial treatment. This resistance may be “innate” owing to the slow and long evolutionary process that microorganisms undergo to adapt to changing environmental conditions; this adaptation is...
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The gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) of poultry has a complex and dynamic microbial community consisting primarily of bacteria whose cell wall contains the structural polymer peptidoglycans (PGNs). Bacterial cell wall recycling is a process whereby bacteria degrade their own wall during growth in order to recover released constituents by active transport. These nutrients are then reutilized to either rebuild the wall or to gain energy (Mayer, 2012). However, in both normal and a challenged GI...
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1. Introduction Salmonella is one of the most common foodborne pathogens. The intestinal tract of poultry and other food animals is considered the main foodborne Salmonella reservoir [1,2]. An increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been reported in poultry Salmonella isolates where antibiotics are extensively used in production systems [3,4]. Although the link between antimicrobial usage in food animals and clinical treatment failures in human salmonellosis...
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INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to human health (1). Host-directed therapy has emerged as a promising antibiotic-free strategy for disease control and prevention (2, 3). Host defense peptides (HDPs), also known as antimicrobial peptides, are small molecules of the innate immune system featuring antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties (4, 5). Inducing HDP synthesis is a host-directed antimicrobial therapy that is being actively explored for human and...
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Chinese: A fat digestion and absorption enhancer for feeding monogastric species
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Background Growing concerns over resistance to antibiotics in pathogenic bacteria has resulted in increasing public and government pressure to reduce the use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) in animal feed. A negative result of AGPs removal is potential increase in incidence of certain diseases in poultry, such as necrotic enteritis and avian salmonellosis. Therefore, effective alternative strategies to prevent...
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Introduction The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of humans and animals is populated with a diverse group of microbes known as the microbiota that include bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists, and viruses, with bacteria being the most predominant [1, 2]. The bacterial microbiota is well known to be critically involved in host physiology and immune development [1, 2]; however, the role of the fungal community, known as the mycobiota, that plays in health and diseases is less studied and...
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Campylobacter spp . is one of the most frequent causes of foodborne gastroenteritis having zoonotic importance, and the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Campylobacter spp. is of particular concern to public health. These potential AMR Campylobacter spp . could be transferred to humans through animal food, particularly chickens (Reddy and Zishiri, 2017). The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of AMR Campylobacter spp . and their antibiotic...
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Sometimes chicken flocks resulted in less livability and body weight at seven days of age than other ones without knowing the reason. Besides, this reduced performance at an early age has a carryover effect until the market age. What was the cause? Probably, the lower broiler performance is mostly related to the quality of the chicks that arrive at the farms. Indeed, the broiler breeders, incubation process, or in-ovo feeding impact on chick quality. The eggshell temperature, brooding...
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INTRODUCTION Early bacterial colonization of the intestine can alter its morphology, physiology, and susceptibility to infectious diseases (Diaz-Carrasco et al., 2019). The intestinal microbiota plays a critical role in the development and maturation of the gut and its lymphoid structures, and in the function of immune system cells (Hooper et al., 2012; Maki et al., 2019). Initial interactions between commensal bacteria and the host immune system can shape microbiota...
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