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Antimicrobials in poultry
Antimicrobial agents are essential tools for treating and controlling bacterial infections in poultry production. Veterinarians have a huge responsibility when using antimicrobials in poultry producing meat and eggs for human consumption. The term ‘judicious use’ of antimicrobials implies the optimal selection of drug, dose and duration of antimicrobial treatment, along with a reduction in inappropriate and excessive use as a means of slowing the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The proper use of antimicrobials depends on the knowledge of interrelationships between bacteria, antimicrobial, host and consumer. The antimicrobial groups most commonly used in poultry are the betalactams, polypeptides, aminoglycosides and aminocyclitols, macrolides and lincosamides, florfenicol, tetracyclines, sulphonamides, quinolones and fluoroquinolones and ionophores.
What is an antibiogram?
An antibiogram is a laboratory test used to determine the sensitivity pattern of a given microorganism to a range of antibiotics. The advantages of antibiogram use and the techniques involved in running these tests are well known. I would like to point out a few details regarding the management and interpretation of these tests and how they are used...
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Copper (Cu) has been widely used at pharmacological levels (e.g., 125 ppm) as growth promoter in poultry. However, the mechanism by which high levels of Cu promote growth remains to be determined. It is commonly recognized that Cu exerts anti-microbial effects in the gut but there is not much direct and consistent data showing that Cu alters the population of bacterial species in birds. The objective of this study was to understand the mechanism by which Cu...
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Introduction The farm comprised 450 breeding sows and stock taken through to bacon, all on one site. The farm was a closed herd with importations of semen and gilts coming from the finishing herd. The farm was infected with PRRS virus, against which sows were not vaccinated, enzootic pneumonia (EP) (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae) as well as pleuropneumonia (APP) (Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae) and Glässer’s...
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In the early 1940´s the first antibiotic— penicillin—was used successfully to treat bacterial infections and to save thousands of lives, including those of wounded World War II soldiers. Today, antibiotics, which target microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and parasites, are essential for human and animal health. They continue to save lives as well as increase animal production and efficiency. However, exploration of alternative...
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Introduction For several decades, the use of sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics in animal feeds has been a common practice in many countries in order to improve growth performance and prevent from the adverse effects of pathogenic and non-pathogenic enteric microorganisms. However, there are increasing concerns for the public health about the consequences from the use of antibiotics in livestock [1]. The risk of...
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The use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in animal production began half a century ago, when Stokstad and Jukes added residues of chlortetracycline production to chicken feed. They were added with the objective to serve as a source of vitamin B12, but they caused a growth stimulation that was far too large to be explained only as a vitamin effect. ...
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International Journal of Poultry Science 12 (1): 51-54, 2013 ISSN 1682-8356 © Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2013 Abstract A study was conducted during the months of December-January involving sixty one week old broiler chickens, distributed into two experimental groups having three replicates of ten birds each. The birds of the first group were fed a basal diet (22.5% CP & 2830 K...
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One of the landmark scientific achievements of 20st century has been the discovery of antibiotics. Antibiotics have redefined healthcare and for centuries now, have been helping doctors in saving precious human and animal lives. However, antibiotics have now become a victim of their own success. Due to their non-judicious and blind use, we are now facing a new dangerous healthcare challenge. The emergence of ‘superbugs’ or...
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Introduction In North America, there has been a tremendous body of research in recent years to find the ideal product or program to replace or reduce the use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry production. This is driven by the legislation in the EU and the pressure the health-care system has placed on the use of sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics for growth promotion. There have been many arguments made regarding...
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Mohan J Saxena, Ayurvet Managing Director. presents his company and talks about replacement of antibiotics as growth promotors....
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More restrictions on antibiotic use in food animals are inevitable, and the search for alternatives has to take into account the integrity of both the upper and lower intestinal tracts. A shift in the understanding of where in the intestinal tract nutrients become available to the bird is important in devising an effective new antimicrobial strategy, said Dr....
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Animal bites: antibiotic therapy recommendations. Dr. Pearse Lyons, Founder and President of Alltech, talks about how crucial is for your company finding your core business....
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Antimicrobial or antibiotic resistance is an emotive and often misunderstood topic. It is a subject that many, including governments, academics and consumers, use as a stick to beat our industry with! With this article we hope to give you a clearer picture of some of the issues involved and endeavour to look at the subject from a practical/field point of view rather than a theoretical/academic position.
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Introduction
The trend to avoid using antimicrobial growth promoters in the feed has resulted in a more intensive search of alternative feed additives that have the ability of maintaining animal productivity while not affecting the quality of the end product. Among such alternatives, probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics, organic acids, etc. Fuller (1989) defined a probiotic as a feed supplement...
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David Heckman of Elanco Animal Health speaks about the basics of antibiotic use in animals for meat being exported to the EU and about the prospects of trading with the EU....
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Introduction
The genus Salmonella spp. is comprised of micro-organisms that are widely spread around the world (Ruiz B et al ., 2006). Approximately 2000 serotypes of Salmonella have been associated with enterocolitis, and Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica, serovar Typhimurium (ST) and Salmonella enterica, subspecies...
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One of our most effective strategies to combat bacterial infections is rapidly becoming ineffective: more and more bacteria are developing resistance against commonly used antibiotics. This is a worrysome development, that, though been recognized for decades, seems to have worsened lately. It is perceived that the speed of resistance development has overhauled the rate of developing alternative drugs. In attempts to stop...
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Introduction Consumer safety is based on a series of measures including maximum residue limits and acceptable daily intakes as the most important ones. Acceptable daily intakes are determined in laboratory animals and extrapolated to humans through the application of safety factors. Thus, knowing how much of a particular food a human consumes daily, it is determined which is the maximum amount of a given chemical that may...
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Belgium's Ghent University launched a new web application allowing livestock producers and veterinarians to measure levels of antibiotic usage on the farms - and how to compare this to peers, Flemish agricultural website Vilt reports. The new web application, called ABcheck, will contain a wide range of background information about antibiotic use and antibioitic resistance in animals.
Professor Jeroen Dewulf...
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