Segal

Dear Mohammad Please note that to all your questions there is no right or wrong answer. Any vaccination program should be designed based on the your flock's geographical location and the prevalent disease agent/s in the area. the available vaccine/s in your area, and Its also important to understand the immune status (passive and active) of your birds. Based on these assumptions, for your first q ...

Antibiogram is important for pets as for any other species including humans. It would ensure the selection of the most effective drug to be applied against the bacteria involved. It will ensure the shortest, most cost effective therapy and with minimum risk of the development of antibiotic resistance.

Hi Jerry I love your reference to FAO as " Foreign Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations" It is actually Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Thanks for the good paper.

Dear Dr Nadir Alloui thanks for your comment, This article had been written few year back and probably an updated version is required, especially in the area of vaccination program, as new vector vaccines for in ovo or at day old are now widely available. Cheers Yoni

Dear Dr O S Alo Selenium might assist the immune response, but you should be careful on dosage, as its might be toxic in high doses.

Dear Farrell Magtoto and Kiran Kumar, The classic strains of Gumboro disease can be very mild, when infect older birds (over 6 weeks) or partially protected birds by maternal immunity, they cause sub-clinical infection, means no obvious clinical or pathological symptoms, but you might notice slower growth rate, poor FCR, etc which would cause economical implication. Cheers Yoni Sega

Mycotoxins are critical in tropical countries, as the hot and humid climate encourage the production of mycotoxins. Immune-suppressed birds due to mycotoxins would not develop immunity following vaccination therefore remain susceptible to common viral infections like ND and IBDV or bacterial infection like E.Coli.

Thanks for the clear and useful paper about composting. Composting is a very safe method for the disposal of dead chickens, the high temperature produced during the composting process would destroy all viruses, bacteria and parasites. The daily mortalities can also be composted in a rotating barrel that will maintain regular supply of Oxygen to the mixture. In house composting has been proved as ...