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Antimicrobials in poultry
Antimicrobial agents are essential tools for treating and controlling bacterial infections in poultry production. Veterinarians have a huge responsibility when using antimicrobials in poultry producing meat and eggs for human consumption. The term ‘judicious use’ of antimicrobials implies the optimal selection of drug, dose and duration of antimicrobial treatment, along with a reduction in inappropriate and excessive use as a means of slowing the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The proper use of antimicrobials depends on the knowledge of interrelationships between bacteria, antimicrobial, host and consumer. The antimicrobial groups most commonly used in poultry are the betalactams, polypeptides, aminoglycosides and aminocyclitols, macrolides and lincosamides, florfenicol, tetracyclines, sulphonamides, quinolones and fluoroquinolones and ionophores.
Introduction
A common human propensity is to regard all microorganisms as “harmful”, in particular, equating bacteria to pathogenic germs. Nothing could be further from the truth. The number of beneficial bacterial species far exceeds the number of pathogenic species and many of the known bacteria are in fact useful or even indispensable for the continued existence of life on Earth. Prokaryotic microorganisms are...
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1. Introducción Chitin (C8H13O5N)n) is a long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine ( Figure 1(a) ), a derivative of glucose, and is found in many places globally. It is the main component of the cell walls of fungi, the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans (e.g., crabs, lobsters and shrimps) and insects, the radula of mollusks, and the beaks of cephalopods, including squid and octopi [1]. In terms of structure, chitin may be compared to the...
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Innovative Directions in Aflatoxin Testing Point to Measureable Gains in Quality Of Lab Data
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During the past 50 years, the livestock and poultry industries have developed in several areas including nutrition, genetics, engineering, management, and communications to maximizing the efficiency of growth performance and meat yield. Now these industries must focus more attention on how animal agriculture affects the environment and food safety. As in many other industries, the global paradigm is shifting from an emphasis on productive efficiency to one of public security. Nothing...
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Introduction Widespread use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed is suspected to be a major driving force for the development of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, which have become a critical public health concern worldwide. Enhancing host immunity and disease resistance by specifically boosting the synthesis of endogenous host defense peptides (HDPs) may represent a promising antibiotic alternativ-strategy. HDPs have been found in nearly all forms of life and play an...
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Introduction Host defense peptides (HDPs), also known as antimicrobial peptides, are present in virtually all species of life and constitute a critical component of the innate immunity [1,2,3,4,5]. Defensins and cathelicidins represent two major families of HDPs in vertebrates [6,7,8,9,10,11]. While defensins are categorized by the presence of six conserved cysteine residues in the C-terminal mature sequence [6,7,8,11], all cathelicidins consist of a conserved cathelin domain in...
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Transforming Poultry Farming in India with Srinivasa Farms and Hy-Line
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INTRODUCTION Feed additives are substances that have the potential to enhance production performance without significantly altering the composition of feed. Broiler chicken requires high dietary energy and protein with balanced amino acid profile in the compound feed (Boling and Firman, 1998). Feed costs approximately about 70% of total production expenditure and nutrient lost in the feces either undigested or unabsorbed due to intestinal microbial population by parasitic action...
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Introduction Salmonella remains the leading cause of outbreak-associated gastroenteritis in the United States, and consumption of poultry products has been implicated in several of these outbreaks (1, 2). Since implementation of the HACCP program, improvement has been made in the level of Salmonella contamination of processed chicken carcasses (3). However, a survey of retail meat from the Washington, DC, USA area revealed a surprising level of contamination of beef, pork, and...
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Dr. Badrul Hassan, DVM and PhD student at Uppsala University, Sweden, presents his poster about antibiotic resistance in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli from large and small scale poultry farms in Bangadlesh, at the XVII WVPA Congress in Cancún, Mexico. ...
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Introduction Despite impressive advances in the control of infectious diseases, some bacterial pathogens have acquired antibiotic resistance and are emerging in human populations. Many of these infections are zoonotic and are transmitted from healthy carrier animals to humans through contaminated food (Wegener et al., 2003). For example, Salmonella bacteria, especially the serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis, are common contaminants of poultry and eggs, causing food-borne...
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Dr. Jeroen Dewulf (Ghent University) explains the risks of antibiotic resistance and offers insights on the importance of biosecurity to improve this situation, during the 5th IHSIG Symposium on Poultry Intestinal Health in Bangkok, Thailand....
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“A healthier bird produces an economic output” is the one phrase which every poultry producer would agree upon from their daily farming experiences. The poultry industry strives to achieve this healthier state through precise nutritional and management practices. In nature, the chicks are being exposed to various challenges like physical, environmental and infectious agents from the moment they are exposed to outside world, sometimes even before their arrival. Naïve immune...
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Dr. Nattakarn Awaiwanont (Chiang Mai University) speaks on the need of control strategies for antimicrobial use and antibiotic resistance in broiler production chains, during the 5th IHSIG Symposium on Poultry Intestinal Health in Bangkok, Thailand....
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The World Health Organization is recommending that farmers and the food industry stop using antibiotics routinely to promote growth and prevent disease in healthy animals.
The new WHO recommendations aim to help preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics that are important for human medicine by reducing their unnecessary use in animals. In...
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Introduction Antimicrobial resistance and its potential transmission from animals to man has become a major issue, both politically and scientifically and is leading to greater controls, both in Europe and North America in particular, on how we use antibiotics in agriculture and veterinary medicine. There is deep and sincere concern expressed by the medical profession about the worsening antimicrobial resistance situation in man and the potential that agricultural/ veterinary...
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Immediately following the news that sales of antibiotics to treat and prevent disease in UK farm livestock have achieved a record low following a 27% reduction over the past two years, targets for further reducing, refining or replacing antibiotic use across the key livestock sectors have been announced at a London...
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Introduction
Poultry production has undergone a substantial increase compared to other animal food-producing industries since 1970 (Yegani and Korver, 2008). Improvements in housing, genetic selection for growth rate, and advances in feed formulation achieved by matching nutrient requirements of the birds and nutrient contents of the feedstuffs, have resulted in higher meat yield, improved feed conversion and lower mortality rates (Choct et al., 1999;...
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INTRODUCTION
Antibiotics are considered growth promoters when administered at non-therapeutic (low) concentrations in the feed of food animals to stimulate growth and improve feed efficiency (Costa et al., 2011; Lin et al., 2013). Antibiotics growth promoters (AGP) in the feed of different animal species has been used for more than 60 years in the...
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Innovative Directions in Aflatoxin Testing Point to Measureable Gains in Quality Of Lab Data
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INTRODUCTION Fluoroquinolones are the third generation of quinolone development. Nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid are examples of the first generation and currently have limited activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Fluorinated 4-quinolones were introduced to the market in the 1980s and were the top of the line antibiotics, offering a broad spectrum of activity and high efficacy in a wide range of infections both...
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Introduction It is well known that antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) can improve production performance in birds (1) although the exact mode of action is still not completely understood. According to (2), a major hypothesis about the action of AGP is through the reduction of innate inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of birds. Now that the use of AGP...
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