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Amino acids in swine nutrition
Amino acids, normally supplied by dietary protein, are required for maintenance, muscle growth, development of fetuses and supporting tissues in gestating sows, and milk production in lactating sows. Of the 22 amino acids, 12 are synthesized by the animal; the other 10 must be provided in the diet for normal growth.
The amino acids that make up proteins are conventionally classified as essential or non-essential. Essential or indispensable amino acids are not synthesized by the pig and must be supplied in the diet, whereas non-essential or dispensable amino acids are synthesized by the pig using nitrogen provided by proteins in the diet. Some amino acids are conditionally essential, amino acids with greater demand than synthesis under some conditions, i.e. depending on stage of growth, productive function, or dietary composition.
The 10 essential amino acids for pigs are: lysine, methionine, tryptophan, threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, arginine, histidine and phenylalanine. Dietary supply of protein must be sufficient to provide all the essential amino acids and the nitrogen required for synthesis of non-essential amino acids.
The amino acids of greatest practical importance in diet formulation (ie, those most likely to be at deficient levels) are lysine, tryptophan, threonine, and methionine. Corn, the basic grain in most swine diets, is markedly deficient in lysine and tryptophan. The other principal grains for pigs (grain sorghum, barley, and wheat) are low in lysine and threonine.
The 50-year historical review of soybean meal (SBM ) published in Feedstuffs in 1970 by Dr. J.W. Hayward highlighted many of the pertinent advancements concerned with animal nutrition, product development and promotional aspects of U.S. SBM. In fact, 1920 marked not only the beginning of the industrial production of soybean oil and SBM in the U.S., but also the year that the American Soybean Assn. was founded (Hymowitz, 1990). The use of SBM at the time this 50-year review was published was...
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Introduction The optimal concentration of nutrients required by growing pigs generally decreases over the growing-finishing period with a phase feeding program used as an attempt to meet the needs of the pigs over the changing requirements. Thus, in commercial production, phase feeding is thought to improve economics and reduce nitrogen excretion by more closely meeting the pig’s nutrient requirements compared to feeding fewer phases. However, in practice, it is...
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Veterinary APIs Market Update: Price Trends & Key Insights – February 2025
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MARKET REVIEW. Veterinary APIs
Tylosin/Tilmicosin: Market prices are basically stable before and after the public holiday of Worker’s Day. Export orders increase, factory inventory is not abundant, domestic supply slightly delayed, market price index volatility...
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Importance of Methionine Nutritionists agree that livestock diets require supplementation with some essential amino acids to increase the efficiency of protein utilization and to reduce nitrogen excretion. Methionine is an essential amino acid and is necessary for growth. Numerous trials have shown that providing adequate levels of methionine are required to maximize performance of poultry and pigs. Additionally, methionine plays biological roles beyond protein synthesis,...
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Introduction Lysine is the first limiting amino acid in corn-soybean meal-based diets for pigs during the postweaning period (ROSTAGNO et al., 2011; NRC, 2012), and is commonly used as a reference when estimating the nutritional requirement for other essential amino acids (NEMECHEK et al., 2012). The standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) requirement of pigs is affected by several factors, such as genotype (TAYLOR et al., 2012), the environmental and sanitary conditions...
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Conclusions The results of this study support the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota compete with the host for metabolism of readily available nutrients such as supplemented amino acids. Apparent residual (unabsorbed) MHA-FA in the small intestine was significantly greater than that of DL-Met in conventional pigs. Furthermore, a higher radioactivity of methionine in the upper small intestine tissue of pigs fed diets supplemented with DL-Met compared with the...
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Conclusions Supplementation of two graded levels of DL-Met or liquid MHA-FA to a Met-deficient diet significantly improved pig performance during phase 1 and 2 of the study. Compared with MHA-FA, the inclusions of DL-Met seemed to produce a more homogeneous weight gain. The overall growth performance during the 37-day study was not different among the two corresponding Met-supplemented groups, indicating that 100 parts of liquid MHA-FA can be replaced with...
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Digestible lysine in diets for primiparous lactating sows. ESCOBAR OCHOA, José David, M.Sc Adviser: Juarez Lopes Donzele. Sixty commercial hybrid first litter sows, during lactation (20, 2 ± 0, 13 days), with average body weight of 183, 6 ± 1,46 kg, were used to evaluate digestible lysine intake (DLI) (45; 50; 55 e 60 gr/day). The feed intake was kept at 5.0 kg /day. A completely randomized blocks design, with four treatments (45, 50, 55 and 60 gr DLI/day), fifteen...
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Dr. Brad Lawrence, Senior Technical Services Manager at Novus International, speaks about how producers can improve the health and growth of swine while reducing the risk of viral pathogens in feed through products with added benefits, during Novus KOLEM 2019.
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Veterinary APIs Market Update: Price Trends & Key Insights – February 2025
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A trial at ISMADE (a Spanish research center in animal nutrition) showed clearly that DL-Methionine and DL-hydroxy-methionine (liquid or powder forms) are 100% efficient to sustain piglets’ growth during the post weaning period from day 28 to day 70. Animals and experimental diets ? The study was performed on 720 piglets (crossbreed female largewhite*landrace x male pietrain*duroc): 360 females and 360 males, reared from 28 to 70 days-old. Piglets were weaned at...
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Introduction The association of all the stressors related to early weaning of piglets results in reduction in daily feed intake, especially during the first week. The interruption of feed intake in this phase results in intestinal villous atrophy and increased crypt depth (Pierce et al, 2005). According to Pinheiro & Machado (2007), the performance of piglets in the first week after weaning is strongly correlated with the weight at the end of the nursery phase, and the...
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Background Several international and Danish trials have shown that lowering protein levels in weaner diets can reduce post-weaning diarrhea. Results are conflicting as to the effect on productivity, probably depending on the levels of limiting amino acids in the diets. The aim of this trial was to test different protein strategies to reduce diarrhea without adversely affecting productivity. Methods The trial was conducted at SEGES research...
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Key information Amino acids are involved in various important metabolic pathways beyond growth, including modulating the functioning of the body’s immune system. During a condition of sub-clinical disease, increased dietary supply of functional amino acids (i.e. methionine, tryptophan, threonine, arginine, glutamine, and glycine) ameliorates the negative effect of growth reduction associated with immune challenge. Based on the available literature,...
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On June 18, 2019, and following the scheduled two-year construction period, Evonik officially commissioned its second complex for the production of MetAMINO® (DL-methionine) and strategically important precursors in...
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This study was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), flash dried poultry protein (FDPP), poultry meal (PM), and meat and bone meal (MBM) fed to broiler chickens and pigs. Four semi-purified diets and a nitrogen-free diet were prepared. Experiment 1 was conducted with 416 male broiler chickens [initial body weight (BW) = 705 ± 100.0 g] at d 18 post-hatching in a randomized complete block design. Birds...
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Background With the increased global production of livestock, dairy, and poultry, the demand for feed is also increasing and co-products from the tropical food industries are increasingly used in diets fed to pigs. These co-products include copra meal and copra expellers, palm kernel meal and palm kernel expellers, and rice bran. Global production of palm kernel and copra products is relatively modest compared with the production of soybean meal and canola meal [1] and...
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Veterinary APIs Market Update: Price Trends & Key Insights – February 2025
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Selsaf®3000 is a natural source of organic selenium for all species of animals (pigs, poultry, dairy, aquaculture…) The main compounds of Selsaf®3000 are L-selenomethionine and L-selenocysteine. L-selenomethionine is incorporated into body proteins as the main selenium storage, and used as a precursor to L-selenocysteine. L-selenocysteine plays an essential role against oxidative stress as a key element ensuring the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase....
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Keywords: bioavailability, valine, performance. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Val from a Val-containing fermentation biomass product (Val-FB; 64.4% L-Val) has a bioavailability of 100% relative to L-Val (98% Val) when fed to weanling pigs. A Val-deficient basal diet containing 0.63% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val was formulated. Six additional diets were prepared by supplementing the basal diet with 0.08, 0.16, or 0.24% L-Val or 0.12, 0.25, or...
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