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Amino acids in swine nutrition
Amino acids, normally supplied by dietary protein, are required for maintenance, muscle growth, development of fetuses and supporting tissues in gestating sows, and milk production in lactating sows. Of the 22 amino acids, 12 are synthesized by the animal; the other 10 must be provided in the diet for normal growth.
The amino acids that make up proteins are conventionally classified as essential or non-essential. Essential or indispensable amino acids are not synthesized by the pig and must be supplied in the diet, whereas non-essential or dispensable amino acids are synthesized by the pig using nitrogen provided by proteins in the diet. Some amino acids are conditionally essential, amino acids with greater demand than synthesis under some conditions, i.e. depending on stage of growth, productive function, or dietary composition.
The 10 essential amino acids for pigs are: lysine, methionine, tryptophan, threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, arginine, histidine and phenylalanine. Dietary supply of protein must be sufficient to provide all the essential amino acids and the nitrogen required for synthesis of non-essential amino acids.
The amino acids of greatest practical importance in diet formulation (ie, those most likely to be at deficient levels) are lysine, tryptophan, threonine, and methionine. Corn, the basic grain in most swine diets, is markedly deficient in lysine and tryptophan. The other principal grains for pigs (grain sorghum, barley, and wheat) are low in lysine and threonine.
Amino acids (AA) are the organic compounds made from amine (-NH 2 ) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, though other elements are found in the side-chains of certain amino acids (Fig. 1). Fig. 1: ...
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Introduction
The non-starch polysaccharide content of corn-derived distiller dried gains with soluble (DDGS) is 3-4 times higher compared to corn. Some of the anti-nutritional effects of its high fiber content may be ameliorated with the supplementation of carbohydrases. Our objective was to measure in pigs increases in amino acid (AA) digestibility and energy utilization in a diet with high inclusion of DDGS and...
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Introduction
Infection is known to reduce the productive performance of animals. Pathogen-induce immune activation causes fever and reduces protein synthesis rates in skeletal muscle among other symptoms. In the gut, pathogens can cause diarrhea but its effect on nutrient digestibility is unknown. Our objective was to quantify dynamic changes in amino acid (AA) digestibility and endogenous nitrogen losses (ENL) during...
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Introduction
Heat treatment of soybean meal (SBM) causes amino acid (AA) damage, particularly to lysine. Further, birds and pigs cannot use heat-damaged AA for growth. Lysine is the first- and second- limiting AA in corn-soybean meal diets for pigs and poultry, respectively. Currently, there is no reliable laboratory analysis for the determination of digestible lysine in soybean meal. The objective of this study was to...
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The word protein is derived from the Greek proteios, meaning primary or foremost. This is fitting in that proteins, being the molecular instruments through which genetic information is expressed (one gene – one enzyme), are central to the life process. There is a huge diversity of proteins. The key to the structure of different proteins is the group of relatively simple building block molecules, the amino acids. It is indeed remarkable that the cell can join what is a relatively small...
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