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Aflatoxins
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1. Introduction Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the main metabolite of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is one of the four most common variants of Aflatoxins (AFs) [1–6]. There is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of AFM1 alone or mixed with AFB1 and Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) [7], although of lower potency than AFB1 [8,9]. When cattle ingest food or feed contaminated by AFs, it is estimated that up to 6.2 % of the content of AFB1 is transformed into AFM1 and excreted in milk...
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1. Introduction Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), it is one of five principal metabolites results from the hydroxylation process of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Reaction of enzyme oxidase is associated to cytochrome P 450 of the microsomes within the hepatocytes [1–6]. During this oxidative process, AFB1 is successively transformed into two intermediates, Aflatoxicol (AFL) and Aflatoxicol M1, before turning into AFM1, and in this form it is excreted through milk or eggs [3]. Some...
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Changing Feed Industry Imperatives Call For A Closer Look At On-Site Aflatoxin Test Methods
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Introduction Fungal contamination in grains is a serious issue for modern animal production. Mold growth is associated with decreased nutrient content in animal feedstuff (Vieira, 2003). Furthermore, the development of fungi under specific conditions may lead to another major threat: mycotoxin production. In past decades, over one quarter of the world’s food crop production was estimated to be contaminated with mycotoxins (CAST, 2003). Mycotoxins are secondary fungal...
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Abstract To evaluate the impact of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and their interactions on carcass traits and organ weights, day-old broiler chicks (n=288) were divided into 9 treatment groups (T1: control; T2: T1 + 150 ppb AFB1; T3: T1 + 300 ppb AFB1; T4: T1 + 150 ppb OTA; T5: T1 + 250 ppb OTA; T6: T1 + 150 ppb AFB1 + 150 ppb OTA; T7: T1 + 150 ppb AFB1 + 250 ppb OTA; T8: T1 + 300 ppb AFB1 + 150 ppb OTA; T9: T1 + 300 ppb AFB1 + 250 ppb OTA). Each diet was fed to 4...
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Dr. Stephen Adejoro (Livestock Industry Foundation for Africa) shares with Engormix members his comments on this usual problem in raw materials and its consequences on vaccination, health and performance....
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Changing Feed Industry Imperatives Call For A Closer Look At On-Site Aflatoxin Test Methods
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are low molecular weight compounds produced as secondary metabolites by filamentous fungi contaminating crops in the field or warehouses when environmental conditions of temperature and humidity are adequate. These metabolites have no biochemical relevance to fungal growth or development, and they constitute a chemically and toxicologically heterogeneous group, which are together only because they can cause diseases, including death, to human beings...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites produced by filamentous fungi which, even at low concentrations, represent an important danger for both animal and human health [1,2]. Currently, over 300 mycotoxins have been identified worldwide, being aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, trichothecenes, and fumonisins, the most frequently found with synergistic toxic effects reported when more than one of these mycotoxins are present in the feed [3,4]. Mycotoxins are...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites that are produced by fungi growing on food products, such as corn, peanut, and wheat, among others [1]. Exposure occurs predominantly by the ingestion of contaminated feed, when contaminated cereals such as corn, wheat, peanuts and sorghum, as well as other raw materials, are used in the preparation of animal feed [2]. Aflatoxins are produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus, particularly A. flavus, A. parasiticus...
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Changing Feed Industry Imperatives Call For A Closer Look At On-Site Aflatoxin Test Methods
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced as secondary metabolites by certain groups of fungi during their growth in food and feed products, which can lead to several toxic effects in animals and humans [1]. The most important fungal genera that produce mycotoxins are Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium, and the main classes of mycotoxins produced by these genera are the aflatoxins (AF), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FB), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone...
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1. Introduction The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimated that 25% of the cereal production is contaminated by mycotoxins [1]. Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 )—the major secondary metabolite of Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius—has adverse effects on humans and animals that result in health disorders and economic losses. To avoid these harmful effects, many physical, chemical, and biological decontamination...
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1. Introduction One of the main toxic factors in dairy products is the concentration of mycotoxins, which are secondary metabolites produced by organisms of the fungus kingdom [1]. They can cause diseases and even deaths either in humans or in animals [2]. The term “mycotoxin” is usually intended for the toxic chemical products of fungi. The fungi consume organic matter where humidity and temperature are adequate. If the conditions are appropriate, fungi proliferate...
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Changing Feed Industry Imperatives Call For A Closer Look At On-Site Aflatoxin Test Methods
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Mycotoxins are metabolites produced by fungi that can be present in feed ingredients. They are of great concern because they reduce the nutritional value of the feed formula and have a negative impact on the health and performance of the livestock. In the case of Southeast Asia, the annual loss due to aflatoxins in Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand was estimated to be around $900 million dollars, of which $500 million of the costs were linked to the effects in human...
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Climate change threatens future food security due to the probable increase in temperature and changes in precipitation patterns which could affect the distribution of where different crops may be viably grown 1,2 . Land suitability and capability classifications are used to evaluate the best growing areas for specific crops and to identify factors that might limit their growth 3,4 . Key factors in determining these classifications include fluctuations in moisture...
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Introduction The poultry industry in Nigeria is an essential subsector of agriculture that provides food, employment, and other economic resources for the country (Ezekiel et al. 2012a). Livestock production can be threatened when feeds are contaminated by fungi and their toxic metabolites. Several mycotoxins, including aflatoxins (AFs), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA ), fumonisins (FUMs ), nivalenol (N IV ) and zearalenone (ZEN) have been reported to contaminate poultry feed and their...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced naturally by some species of filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium [1,2]. Fungal growth can occur before or after harvest, during storage, or in foods, especially in environments with high humidity and temperatures, followed by mycotoxin production. Most mycotoxins are chemically sta-ble and persist after food processing [3,4]. The most investigated mycotoxins are aflatoxin B1 (AFB1),...
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Changing Feed Industry Imperatives Call For A Closer Look At On-Site Aflatoxin Test Methods
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Sunshine Mills Inc. is recalling certain products because of potentially elevated levels of aflatoxin above the allowable limit.
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins and are dangerous because of their high level of toxicity for animals and people. Aflatoxin is produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus, which can grow on corn and other grains used as ingredients in pet food. At high levels, aflatoxin can cause illness and death in pets. People with allergies or sensitivities to mold can have...
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INTRODUCTION As a fungal secondary metabolite of the Aspergillus species, aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is known to be the most toxigenic mycotoxin (Yunus et al., 2011). Feed contamination with AFB 1 has been a major feed safety concern due to its negative effects on growth performance, production, hepatic functions, and immune system in many livestock species (Ledoux et al., 1999; Yarru et al., 2009; Andretta et al., 2011; Grenier and Applegate,...
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