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Introduction Fusarium head blight (FHB), also known as scab, is an economically devastating fungal disease of small-grain cereals such as wheat, barley and oat (Kulik et al., 2007). Fusarium graminearum is the major causal agent of this disease in many areas of the world, while in Europe other species such as F. culmorum, F. avenaceum and F. poae have been found frequently (Nicholson et al., 2003). Several researches have documented the increased importance of F. poae in some...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are fungal-generated secondary metabolites that are ubiquitous and unavoidable contaminants of food and feed, and their consumption by humans and animals results in diseases and death. Several species of the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium are capable of producing mycotoxins (Cole & Cox, 1981). For instance, Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, A. nomius, and A. psudotamarii are responsible for the production of a series of highly toxic...
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VICAM’s Afla-V™ ONE answers one of today’s toughest animal feed safety challenges with a simple, full range aflatoxin test that delivers quantitative results in just minutes for complete animal feeds and pet foods....
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In 2021 mycotoxins semiannual survey, Life Rainbow Biotech randomly collected 230 feed samples of raw materials and feed mills in farms and analyzed. The samples were tested for Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2), Zearalenone, Fumonisins (B1, B2, and B3) and Deoxynivalenol (DON) by the ELISA Mycotoxin analysis kit. Results: 230 feed samples collected, and 78% were contaminated with deoxynivalenol and 86% contaminated with Aflatoxins (table 1). The maximum concentrations of...
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Dr. Stephen Adejoro (Livestock Industry Foundation for Africa) shares with Engormix members his comments on this usual problem in raw materials and its consequences on vaccination, health and performance....
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It is not the Mycotoxins that replicate themselves or form themselves, but the various fungi or Mycelium which produce them. It is the fungi that require the conducive environment to produce mycotoxins and various fungi produce peculiar, or multiple Mycotoxins that range from Aflatoxin to Fuminoxin, DON and Zearalenone, etc. The conducive factors for these fungi must include appropriate substrate like corn, soy, groundnut, wheat, etc on which they require to grow. Water content in the...
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1. Introduction The consumption of poultry meat has shown an increase from 2016 (116,845.36 thousand metric ton) to 2018 (120,884.63 thousand metric ton) [1]. Moreover, during the period 2020–2029, global livestock production is expected to expand by 14%, poultry remaining the fastest growing meat accounting for about half of the projected increase in total meat output, while world population is expected to grow only by ca 1% per year [1]. The goal of the poultry...
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1. Introduction Poultry and mycotoxins have been closely linked for several decades, as they are one of the most sensitive animal species to the toxic effects of mycotoxins. In the poultry industry, the ingestion of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) lead to the impairment of all the essential productive parameters [1,2] and decreased resistance to common infectious diseases due to the depression of the humoral and cellular immune responses [3,4], resulting in substantial annual economic...
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Clint Decker, VICAM Regional Sales Manager in the USA, highlights how Myco 5-in-1 PLUS gives your grain or feed operation the power to detect and quantify aflatoxin, vomitoxin (DON), fumonisin, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T2 and HT-2 using a single, solvent-free sample extraction....
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1. Introduction As a widely cultivated crop and staple food in the world, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is crucial for ensuring food security. Unfortunately, its production is limited by many abiotic and biotic stresses. Among biotic stresses, fungal diseases are the most important. Worldwide, one of the most devastating fungal diseases of wheat is Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab, which is caused by a number of different Fusarium species, but most commonly F. graminearum. FHB...
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Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is an important crop for human consumption, animal feed, and bioenergy, and the fifth most important cereal in the world after wheat, rice, maize, and barley. From its domestic origins in Africa, the crop has spread throughout the world and now is cultivated on all inhabited continents. In Thailand, sorghum is grown in all regions of the country, but most commonly in the central and northeastern regions. Much of the sorghum grown in Thailand is exported, although...
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1. Introduction Food safety is a pervasive concern of both the general public and of government authorities worldwide. Yet the insidious nature of mycotoxin contamination of key foods is frequently overlooked. Fungi are often found on crops growing in the field or in storage. Food-borne fungi are capable of producing hundreds of secondary metabolites but only a relative few are regulated, due to their adverse effects on human and animal health [1–3]. These metabolites...
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1. Introduction Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a global disease affecting small grain cereals including wheat, barley and oat [1–4] The disease is caused by several Fusarium species of which Fusarium graminearum Schwabe is the primary etiological agent in wheat crops in Canada based on the frequency of isolation and impact on grain yield and quality [5–8]. In addition to a reduction in yield, F. graminearum produces the type B trichothecene mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol...
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The corn harvest is later than it has been any time in recent memory, and the prolonged moist conditions are conducive for molds to develop on grain in the field. Over the past few days we have received numerous reports of ear rots developing in the field and questions concerning mycotoxin production when conditions are cool but wet. Cladosporium ear rot Apart from Fusarium, Gibberella and Diplodia ear rots, we are starting to see and hear of more reports of Cladosporium...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced as secondary metabolites by certain groups of fungi during their growth in food and feed products, which can lead to several toxic effects in animals and humans [1]. The most important fungal genera that produce mycotoxins are Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium, and the main classes of mycotoxins produced by these genera are the aflatoxins (AF), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FB), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are low molecular weight compounds produced as secondary metabolites by filamentous fungi contaminating crops in the field or warehouses when environmental conditions of temperature and humidity are adequate. These metabolites have no biochemical relevance to fungal growth or development, and they constitute a chemically and toxicologically heterogeneous group, which are together only because they can cause diseases, including death, to human beings...
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1. Introduction The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimated that 25% of the cereal production is contaminated by mycotoxins [1]. Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 )—the major secondary metabolite of Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. nomius—has adverse effects on humans and animals that result in health disorders and economic losses. To avoid these harmful effects, many physical, chemical, and biological decontamination...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites produced by filamentous fungi which, even at low concentrations, represent an important danger for both animal and human health [1,2]. Currently, over 300 mycotoxins have been identified worldwide, being aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, trichothecenes, and fumonisins, the most frequently found with synergistic toxic effects reported when more than one of these mycotoxins are present in the feed [3,4]. Mycotoxins are...
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