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Vitamins and minerals in dairy cattle nutrition
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Introduction Feeding high-producing cows continues to challenge dairy farmers and nutritionists. Also, dairy profit margins vary as milk prices and feed costs shift yearly. Feed costs represent the largest input cost to produce milk (estimated to be 35 to 50 percent). Feed additives are a group of feed ingredients that can cause a desired animal response in a non-nutrient role, such as pH shift, growth,...
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Introduction A number of micronutrients have been shown to affect various aspects of immunity in cattle. The interactions between nutritional status, immunology and disease resistance are extremely complex. Insufficient contents of micronutrients in animal diets have been related with low disease resistance and decreased disease resistance. A balanced supply of micronutrients, such as vitamins E, β-...
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To optimize the growth and production of animals, we have long realized good nutrition is key. Trace mineral supplementation has been simplified to strictly meeting the parts-per-million requirements set out in the nutrient requirement tables, with little attention given to the form in which the mineral is provided. Recently, there has been more interest and research on the influence trace minerals have on the immune system, with specific interest given to...
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In 1817, selenium (Se) was isolated for the first time by Berzelius. At that time little was known about its biological function, until its nutritional requirement was revealed about 140 years later by Schwarz and Foltz in 1957...
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Key information Mepron® is a dust free mini pellet (1.8 * 3mm) with a very high degree of durability and low humidity with min. 85 % content of DL-methionine in a rumen protected form. Its specific gravity (1.2 kg/L), bulk density (650 kg/m 3 ) and angle of repose (21°) assure excellent flow and conveying properties. Using conventional mixing techniques, the product can be mixed with many types of feed ingredients quickly (2.5 min)...
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Erin Horst (Iowa State University) discussed leaky gut in lactating Holstein cows and the consequences of feed restriction, as well as the effect of dietary zinc hydroxychloride, during the 8th Symposium on Gut Health in Production of Food Animals in St. Louis, USA....
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Introduction Proper sampling of ration ingredients and submitting those samples for nutrient analysis to a good lab are essential components of diet formulation. The relative importance of sampling, analytical, and real variation on overall variation in nutrient composition data of ingredients has been discussed at previous conferences (Weiss et al., 2012; Weiss et al., 2014). Sampling variation was an equal or greater source of variation than was real month-to-month...
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Introduction There is increasing pressure at federal, state and local levels about nutrient waste and pollution relative to N, P, CH4 and CO2 discharges from the animal industry. Large animal operations have come under more intense scrutiny than small animal operations, with CAFO regulations being put in place. This has put increasing pressure on producers and us as nutritionists to provide some of the...
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Introduction: Dairying has been considered to be one of the livelihood options for rural poor people, especially for landless, marginal, and small farmers in India and world. Generally, the productivity in dairy sector is low and smallholders are constrained by lack of access to quality feed. Although professionals have pointed out the importance of feeding, the ground realities or practices about concentrate feeds is entirely different. Due to shrinkage of grazing land and...
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The mineral complement of the animal and, to a large extent, the human diet is the fraction that historically we have made little attempt to supply in the form in which it occurs in natural mammalian foods. For the most part the strategy of using inorganic minerals, ie. oxides, sulfates and carbonates, has successfully provided the nutrients needed for growth and production of domestic livestock. Limitations in bioavailability or metabolism of inorganic sources due to either chemical or...
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Objective: The objective was to compare Ca serum concentration and frequency of severe [Ca < 2.0 mmol/L] and moderate [Ca < 2.125 mmol/L] subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) in cows supplemented according to the Dietary Cation Anion Differences (DCAD) principles or with synthetic zeolite. Materials and methods: The trials were performed in two large commercial farms in US and blood samples were taken within the first 24 hours after...
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Introduction Most cows undergo some level of hypocalcemia in the immediate postpartum period, with 40 to 70% of multiparous cows developing subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH; Reinhardt et al., 2011; Caixeta et al., 2015; Neves et al., 2017). Supplementing zeolite A in prepartum rations improves Ca status during the peripartum period (Thilsing et al., 2006; Pallesen et al., 2008). In European studies, feeding zeolite A for the 2 weeks prior to calving resulted in...
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Introduction Most cows undergo some level of hypocalcemia in the immediate postpartum period, with 40 to 70% of multiparous cows developing subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH; Reinhardt et al., 2011; Caixeta et al., 2015; Neves et al., 2017). Feeding prepartum rations low in Ca can improve Ca status postpartum (Kichura et al., 1982) but is difficult to achieve with commonly used feedstuffs in the US (Goff, 2006). In European studies, feeding zeolite A for the 2...
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X-Zelit was tested at the Cornell University. In a ProDairy webinar, Tom Overton is discussing the methods to prevent hypocalcemia and some of the results from the X-Zelit trial is presented. Watch the entire webinar here....
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Introduction • Most cows are unable to elude some level of hypocalcemia in the immediate postpartum period, with 40 to 70% of multiparous cows developing subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH; Reinhardt et al., 2011; Caixeta et al., 2015; Neves et al., 2017). • Supplementing anions in prepartum rations is a common strategy to improve blood Ca concentrations however, SCH is often not eliminated (Leno et...
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Animal feed organic trace minerals market demand is depicting a rapid expansion rate as these minerals are used in animal feeds to enhance bioavailability and increase the gut absorption. The organic trace minerals assist in activating essential enzymes and hormones which proves vital for livestock’s metabolic processes. Rising consumption of meat, poultry, and dairy products has given a considerable push to the global animal feed organic trace minerals market size. As per statistics,...
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Developments in transition cow nutrition Major advances in transition cow nutrition were made in the decade prior to the 2001 edition of the National Research Council publication Nutrient Requirements of Dairy cattle (Bell, 1995; Grummer; 1995). This led to establishment of the first NRC close-up cow nutrient requirements. Now group feeding close-up dairy cows a specialized ration is an established practice. Close-up cow...
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Cornell University tested the efficiency of a calcium binder (X-Zelit®) for preventing hypocalcemia. Feeding low level calcium in the prepartum diet has shown to be effective in improving the calcium level at calving. However, as this is difficult to obtain using the commonly used feeds, binding the dietary calcium using X-Zelit can mimic the low calcium approach. Preliminary results from the trial were presented at the annual Cornell Nutrition Conference...
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Introduction During the transition from pregnancy to lactation increased energy and calcium demands for colostrum and milk production, combined with a decline in dry matter intake (DMI) around parturition, can result in negative energy balance (NEB), increased lipid mobilization [1,2] and a reduction in plasma concentrations of calcium [3,4]. These changes increase the risk...
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INTRODUCTION An adequate supply of macro and micronutrients, such as trace minerals (e.g., Zn, Mn, Cu, Co), is important for ensuring an optimal transition from pregnancy to lactation (Andrieu, 2008). For instance, trace minerals have critical roles in a variety of physiological process, particularly antioxidant defense, and a deficiency may depress immunity especially in peripartal or transition cows (Spears and Weiss,...
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