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Vitamins and minerals in dairy cattle nutrition
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Two presentations at the 2007 Fall Dairy Conference, held in Syracuse, N.Y., late last year, focused on mineral-related disorders and the interactions of nutrition and reproduction. Jesse Goff, with West Central Farmer’s Cooperative, Ralston, Iowa, is among the world’s leading authorities on mineral nutrition and immune function of transition dairy cows. He presented a summary what we know about mineral metabolism in transition cows. Jose Eduardo Santos, who recently joined the faculty...
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Since multiple component pricing was implemented, producers have asked: How can I increase milk protein? The usual answer is to increase milk protein yield and maintain breed average components. The major reason: Milk protein percentage is more constant among herds than is milk fat percentage. And there is little opportunity to increase milk protein percentage substantially without decreasing milk yield. Recent research indicates another option....
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Chromium was first reported as an essential mineral in rats (Schwarz and Mertz., 1959) and was demonstrated as an essential mineral for humans in 1977 (Jeejebhoy et al., 1977).The major focus of chromium research was given on the association between chromium and diabetes mellitus. It was as late as in the 1990s that chromium also started to be studied intensively as an essential mineral in livestock animals. Chromium stands 21st in abundance among the...
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Many different types of feed additives are marketed to the dairy producer. Some are beneficial and some are not. It is difficult to make a decision based solely on information provided by advertisements and sales reps. An impartial evaluation of scientific data is necessary. Dr. Mike Hutjens, dairy nutritionist with the University of Illinois has written many papers evaluating the use of various additives. The following information has been condensed and adapted from an article he wrote...
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Efficient utilization of nutrients is a must on modern dairies. Most of the phosphorus arriving at the dairy will either be found in purchased feedstuffs or commercial fertilizer used to raise grain and forage for the dairy. In general, those dairies that purchase all feeds are more efficient with phosphorus utilization than those that grow forage and grain. This is likely due to increased inefficiencies associated with feeding and crop enterprises. Careful evaluation of diets to reduce feeding...
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The National Research Council’s 2001 recommendations for phosphorus in rations in most Virginia herds would be .32 to .38% of the dry matter. Since forages are typically lower in phosphorus than protein meals and certain by-product feeds (cottonseeds, wheat bran and midds, brewers grains, distillers grains) it is possible to sometimes reduce phosphorus by feeding more forage. For this to occur the forage must be of good to excellent quality. See the following table for P concentrations in...
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Because of the low levels in Manitoba feedstuffs and the possible occurrence of copper-binding minerals (e.g. molybdenum), copper is routinely supplemented to prepared rations, supplements and/or mineral mixes destined to the cattle industry. Rations are formulated to exceed the minimum Cu requirement of 10 mg/kg (ppm) and usually contain 15-25 mg/kg. However, rations are occasionally seen which contain 40-50 mg/kg Cu with no justification - levels well in excess of what is necessary. When...
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Efficient utilization of nutrients is a must on modern dairies. Most of the phosphorus arriving at the dairy will either be found in purchased feedstuffs or commercial fertilizer used to raise grain and forage for the dairy. In general, those dairies that purchase all feeds are more efficient with phosphorus utilization than those that grow forage and grain. This is likely due to increased inefficiencies associated with feeding and crop enterprises. Careful evaluation of diets to reduce feeding...
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The livestock industry is facing a number of environmental challenges and there is increased pressure on farmers to manage their nutrients more efficiently. One major area of concern is phosphorus (P) and its role as an environmental pollutant. Manure P, spread over land, has the potential to build up in the soil if the rates applied exceed what the crop is removing. With erosion, or if the soil is highly saturated as a result of continuous and excessive application, P may enter surface water...
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When it comes to feeding phosphorus to your dairy herd, research studies show, you can have too much of a good thing. An essential dietary mineral for livestock and a valuable fertilizer component, phosphorus becomes a potential environmental pollutant when overfed. In your dairy herd’s diet, phosphorus, or just P as it’s often known, is necessary for bone strength, energy metabolism and milk production. It’s found in every cell of a cow’s body. But feed too much and the excess...
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Iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), iodine (I), and selenium (Se) are trace or microminerals that are commonly added to rations for dairy cattle. Since they are needed in small amounts they are usually expressed as parts per million (PPM) or milligrams per kilogram of dry matter, which is the same. In other words 1 PPM equals 1 mg/kg. Some common sources of these trace elements are ferrus sulfate for Fe, cobalt carbonate for Co, cuprous chloride for...
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Do you know how much your cows are eating? If you say yes because the nutritionist has a printout with the number on it, you may not know. Actual on-farm monitoring is needed to determine if the projected is close to what is being consumed. To do this the total amount of feed offered minus the refusal needs to be measured. Next, the dry matter content of the total mixed ration needs to be determined. Dry matter can be determined by sending a sample of the feed to a lab or,...
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The transition from a dry cow to a milking cow is a particularly stressful time for dairy animals. It is important that the nutritional management during this time continues to be as good or better than during lactation. A variety of primary and secondary metabolic problems are common during the transition phase, such as ketosis and milk fever. Minerals and vitamins are essential nutrients. These components of the cow’s diet are not just necessary for meeting minimum requirements to...
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Health of the dairy cow has been the subject of intense research over the years. Several conditions, including pathogens and poor nutrition, invoke diverse mechanisms that facilitate poor growth and lower productivity, and when unrestrained might be implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases. The impairment of dairy cow immunity is one of the fundamental reasons why these diseases occur (Mehrzad et al., 2001; Burvenich et al., 2003; Paape et al., 2003) and disruption of normal...
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Mineral deficiencies and imbalances for herbivores are reported from almost all tropical regions of the world. Phosphorus (P) deficiency has been reported in 25 Latin American countries and deficiencies of calcium (Ca) in 11, sodium (Na) in 15, magnesium (Mg) in 14, cobalt (Co) in 13, copper (Cu) in 21, selenium (Se) in 17 and zinc (Zn) in 16 (McDowell, 1997). Iodine (I) deficiency is reported worldwide. For many classes of livestock, including pigs, poultry, feedlot cattle and dairy...
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Trace minerals exist in cells and tissues of the animal body in a variety of functional and chemical combinations and in characteristic concentrations that vary with the mineral and tissue (McDowell, 1992; Underwood and Suttle, 1999). The concentrations of trace minerals must usually be maintained within quite narrow limits if the functional and structural integrity of the tissue is to be maintained and the growth, health and productivity of the animal are to remain unimpaired (McDowell, 1992;...
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An eye on mineral status during grazing will help avoid longer-term deficiency problems.
Producers should keep a close eye on their herds not only at turn out – but throughout the grazing season, in a bid to prevent mineral deficiency and it’s associated health and fertility problems.
"The importance of providing the herd with certain minerals to prevent problems, such as grass staggers, at turnout is well documented," says Trouw Nutrition Ruminant Category Manager Dr. Helen Stebbens.
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Dairy agri-business professionals from Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa and Minnesota are invited to attend the Four-State Dairy Nutrition and Management Conference June 15 and 16 at the Grand River Center in Dubuque, Iowa. This seminar, sponsored by Extension services in the four states, with support from many agricultural businesses, will offer current information on a variety of issues related to dairy cattle nutrition and management.
The conference will begin with a technical symposium on the...
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Dairy agri-business professionals from Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa and Minnesota are invited to attend the Four-State Dairy Nutrition and Management Conference June 15-16 at the Grand River Center in Dubuque, Iowa. This seminar, sponsored by Extension services in the four states, with support from many agricultural businesses, will offer current information on a variety of issues related to dairy cattle nutrition and management.
The conference will begin with a technical symposium on the...
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