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Vitamins and minerals in dairy cattle nutrition
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INTRODUCTION Livestock plays an important role in the economy of Pakistan. This sector contributed approximately 53.2 percent of the agriculture value added and 11.4 percent to national GDP during 2009-10. Gross value addition of livestock at current cost factor has increased form Rs. 1304.6 billion (2008-09) to Rs. 1537.5 billion (2009-10) showing an increase of 17.8 % (Economic survey of Pakistan 2009-10). In spite of the...
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Currenlty, what kind of trace mineral which is affect to the reproduction such fertility in cattle, goat or sheep? ...
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Various mineral supplements are available and frequently used in formulating rations. A list of commonly used supplements is shown in Table 1 . MAJOR MINERALS AND VITAMINS Considerable research has been done to establish the mineral needs of high producers and to define the role of minerals in nutritional biochemistry. Table 2 shows the current levels of the major or macro minerals recommended for dairy...
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Water is the most essential of all nutrients required by animals. Water functions in the digestion and metabolism of nutrients, elimination of waste products from the body via urine, feces and respiration, transport of nutrients and other compounds into and out of cells, electrolyte balance in the body and as a fluid environment for the developing fetus. A lactating dairy cow has one of the largest requirements for water of any animal. This is because 56 to 81%...
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The scientific literature contains evidence that the nutrient status of lactating dairy cows can have a direct bearing on reproductive status. Pregnancy rate has been improved by manipulating the mineral (Hurley and Doane, 1989), vitamin (Seymour, 2001), energy (Butler, 2001), protein (Butler, 1998), and lipid fractions (Staples et al., 1998) of the diet. Nevertheless the amount of knowledge in this area is not great. Collective efforts of nutritionists, reproductive physiologists,...
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Feeding of corn co-products like distillers grains and corn gluten has changed the mineral balance in winter cattle diets, said Dennis Bauer, Brown County Extension Educator.
Those products are really high in phosphorus, Bauer said. When ranchers begin feeding two to three pounds of these co-products, they can discontinue phosphorus supplementation completely and just feed salt with a little bit of copper and zinc.
Deficiencies of phosphorus, copper and zinc are of primary...
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Lactating cow diets containing phosphorus ( P ) concentrations of 0.35 to 0.36% (dry matter basis) are recommended by the national committee of dairy nutritionists in 2001. This is a lower P concentration than what was recommended in the previous dairy feeding guidelines of 1989. Guidelines for feeding P in 1989 were largely based upon studies published prior to 1950 that used cattle grazing pastures deficient in P and likely other nutrients as well. These grazing cattle had...
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Various mineral supplements are available and frequently used in formulating rations. A list of commonly used supplements is shown in Table 1 . MAJOR MINERALS AND VITAMINS Considerable research has been done to establish the mineral needs of high producers and to define the role of minerals in nutritional biochemistry. Table 2 shows the current levels of the major or macro minerals recommended for dairy cattle rations. TRACE MINERALS AND...
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Amino Acid formulation is a common practice in monogastric nutrition, and it’s use allows nutritionist to reformulate rations for a lower cost. Thanks to the scientific work done in the past decades and the actual commercial experience of Kemin on amino acid balance in dairy nutrition, the same concept is applicable in the dairy industry. Most of the dairy cow rations lack an essential amino acid, Methionine. As a result, if the cow does not have enough levels of...
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We've all heard the theory of limitation in reference to plant nutrients and productivity - that old illustration of a barrel that can only hold as much water as the lowest "stave" allows. We commonly relate this analogy to soil fertility and assign the staves as N, P, K, PH, etc. This same analogy can be used in reference to the functionality of the dairy cow and assign not only protein and energy to the "staves," but also Ca, P, Mg, etc. In times of declining milk prices it is easy to "cut...
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Selenium is a very important trace mineral. Reproductive problems, retained placentas, white muscle disease and an inadequate immune system (leading to mastitis and metritis) may result when selenium is deficient in a livestock ration. Selenium was first identified in the 1930s as a toxic element. Selenium levels of 100 to over 9000 mg/kg can be found in selenium accumulator plants. Consumption of these plants leads to rapid death. Chronic toxicity can occur at 5 mg/kg.
Manitoba is...
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Potassium (K) levels in some forages, e.g. cereals and legumes are on the rise. They are often over 2% and in some cases, over 3%. This has created difficulties in balancing rations for cattle.
Background
K is the third most abundant mineral in the body. It is found primarily in skin and muscle and is important for maintaining proper osmotic balance within cells. ...
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As environmental regulations require dairies to control nutrients, producers must find ways to decrease nitrogen and phosphorus excretions. To control nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excretions, managers must formulate rations that minimize the import of these nutrients. And they must do that without sacrificing milk production, herd health, reproduction and profit. This is possible, as answers to the following questions prove. Q: What is the N balance on New...
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Two presentations at the 2007 Fall Dairy Conference, held in Syracuse, N.Y., late last year, focused on mineral-related disorders and the interactions of nutrition and reproduction. Jesse Goff, with West Central Farmer’s Cooperative, Ralston, Iowa, is among the world’s leading authorities on mineral nutrition and immune function of transition dairy cows. He presented a summary what we know about mineral metabolism in transition cows. Jose Eduardo Santos, who recently joined the faculty...
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Since multiple component pricing was implemented, producers have asked: How can I increase milk protein? The usual answer is to increase milk protein yield and maintain breed average components. The major reason: Milk protein percentage is more constant among herds than is milk fat percentage. And there is little opportunity to increase milk protein percentage substantially without decreasing milk yield. Recent research indicates another option....
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Chromium was first reported as an essential mineral in rats (Schwarz and Mertz., 1959) and was demonstrated as an essential mineral for humans in 1977 (Jeejebhoy et al., 1977).The major focus of chromium research was given on the association between chromium and diabetes mellitus. It was as late as in the 1990s that chromium also started to be studied intensively as an essential mineral in livestock animals. Chromium stands 21st in abundance among the...
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Many different types of feed additives are marketed to the dairy producer. Some are beneficial and some are not. It is difficult to make a decision based solely on information provided by advertisements and sales reps. An impartial evaluation of scientific data is necessary. Dr. Mike Hutjens, dairy nutritionist with the University of Illinois has written many papers evaluating the use of various additives. The following information has been condensed and adapted from an article he wrote...
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Efficient utilization of nutrients is a must on modern dairies. Most of the phosphorus arriving at the dairy will either be found in purchased feedstuffs or commercial fertilizer used to raise grain and forage for the dairy. In general, those dairies that purchase all feeds are more efficient with phosphorus utilization than those that grow forage and grain. This is likely due to increased inefficiencies associated with feeding and crop enterprises. Careful evaluation of diets to reduce feeding...
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The National Research Council’s 2001 recommendations for phosphorus in rations in most Virginia herds would be .32 to .38% of the dry matter. Since forages are typically lower in phosphorus than protein meals and certain by-product feeds (cottonseeds, wheat bran and midds, brewers grains, distillers grains) it is possible to sometimes reduce phosphorus by feeding more forage. For this to occur the forage must be of good to excellent quality. See the following table for P concentrations in...
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Because of the low levels in Manitoba feedstuffs and the possible occurrence of copper-binding minerals (e.g. molybdenum), copper is routinely supplemented to prepared rations, supplements and/or mineral mixes destined to the cattle industry. Rations are formulated to exceed the minimum Cu requirement of 10 mg/kg (ppm) and usually contain 15-25 mg/kg. However, rations are occasionally seen which contain 40-50 mg/kg Cu with no justification - levels well in excess of what is necessary. When...
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