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Poultry genetics and reproduction
Poultry breeding has been one of the most impactful advances in the last 100 years. The role that improved global production of eggs and poultry meat have in reducing global hunger and food insecurity is difficult to overstate. The vast majority of these improvements have come from genetic selection for improved feed efficiency, along with streamlining of the overall production system, and better understanding of poultry nutrition. While the industrial approach to poultry production has created a highly consistent and dependable food source the world over, several problems threaten the long term sustainability of this model - including musculoskeletal and metabolic disorders, welfare concerns, and the need to adapt to a changing climate. Researchers in poultry breeding and genetics utilize quantitative, population, and molecular genetic techniques to help understand the effects of selection for economically important traits and enhance genetic performance through changes in environment and management strategies.
1. Introduction Infectious bronchitis (IB) and Newcastle disease (ND) are highly transmissible diseases that cause substantial economic losses in the poultry industry [1, 2]. Infectious bronchitis is caused by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a gammacoronavirus with a single-stranded positive sense RNA genome [3]. Newcastle disease is caused by virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a paramyxovirus with a single-stranded negative sense RNA genome [4]. Infectious...
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1. Introduction Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) comprises multiple serovars of Salmonella enterica that can cause self-limiting or invasive enteric disease and are transmitted to humans mainly through contaminated food [1,2]. The consumption of poultry products represents a common route of NTS transmission to humans [3], and the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among NTS isolates has become a serious concern [4,5]. Most gastrointestinal infections...
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Introduction Avian influenza viruses (AIV) infect animals and humans [1] and thus are of major relevance under the one health context. They are enveloped viruses belonging to Alphainfluenzavirus from Orthomyxoviridae family [2]. These negative sense and single-stranded RNA viruses present a genome that is fragmented into eight segments which encode for eleven proteins. These proteins possess individual function or form complexes during viral replication. The mechanisms underlying...
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Gérard Léveque (Global Manager Animal Health at Hendrix Genetics) talks about the main challenges in the poultry industry and how to better communicate advances in genetics, in this Engormix interview....
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Brian Jordan (University of Georgia) explains how False Layer Syndrome affects poultry and what can be done to prevent it, in this Engormix interview during IPPE 2024 in Atlanta, USA....
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INTRODUCTION Natural medicinal products originating from herbs and spices have been used as feed additives for poultry (Guo et al., 2004). Compared with synthetic antibiotics or inorganic chemicals, these plant-derived products have proven to be natural, less toxic, residue-free, and are thought to be ideal feed additives in feeds for animal production (Wang et al., 1998). Any attempt to improve poultry production and increase its efficiency, therefore, needs to focus on the...
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Introduction Heat stress (HS) is one of the most challenging environmental stressors despite the modern climate control equipment in broiler chickens’ houses. Broiler flocks may be seasonally exposed to HS that varies in intensity according to the relative humidity of the region [1]. Multiple studies have identified the various adverse effects of acute or chronic HS on chickens, such as a severe reduction in feed intake and growth [2–4], systemic alkalosis [5],...
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Introduction It is widely appreciated that a variety of new technologies and human behavioral change will be required to feed an estimated population of 10 billion people by 2050 with environmentally sustainable production. It is also estimated that about one third (in weight) of the world’s food is lost or wasted annually. In 2021 the poultry industry supplied some 286 eggs per capita to consumers in the US market alone [1]. Remarkably, this has been achieved with an...
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Introduction Influenza A viruses (FLUAV) from waterfowl are of global concern. Multiple pandemics have occurred as the product of genetic exchange between FLUAV circulating in humans and the avian reservoir (1). FLUAV contains eight gene segments, two of which encode for the surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase (HA and NA, respectively). The other six for the internal gene cassette, comprised by the set of polymerases, PB2, PB1 and PA, the nucleoprotein NP, the...
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Oregano essential oil (OEO) and carvacrol, the main compound of OEO, are considered as a reference for biological activities of essential oils (EO). OEO has positive effects on gut and immune system developments potentially related to antimicrobial and antioxidant activities in chickens (Brenes and Roura, 2010). Embryonic development accounts for one-third of the lifespan of modern broiler chickens, and has the potential to determine performance in later life. In-ovo injection is a powerful...
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INTRODUCTION Thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. are a major cause of foodborne gastrointestinal infections worldwide. Human campylobacteriosis in its acute phase is characterized by diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and vomiting and has been linked to the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome, reactive arthritis, and irritable bowel syndrome as complications after the acute phase of the disease (Loshaj-Shala et al., 2015). The WHO (2015) estimated that Campylobacter...
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Duarte Neves (Zinpro) This study aims to evaluate shell translucency as a novel eggshell quality parameter to predict hatchability of fertile eggs. A total of 22,140 eggs were collected from 738 broiler breeder flocks between 25 to 65 wks of age, from multiple commercial hatcheries in the US. Translucency was completed with Zinpro® BlueBox TM using a 3-point score system: TS1 = none or few small translucent spots; TS2 = several...
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Mycotoxins semiannual survey of mycotoxin in feed in 2023 Taiwan - Second Half
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Abstract: A photographic guide to goose embryo development is compiled to help visually determining time of embryo mortality in eggs during incubation. Introduction Goose eggs can be particularly difficult to hatch due to their large size, the hardness of their shells, and the need to cool them regularly. The incubation period of goose eggs takes about 30 days and percent hatch generally does not exceed 70 %. Candling of hatching eggs...
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Alin Khaliduzzaman (University of Illinois Urbana Champaign) comments on his research presented at the IPSF regarding sensing technologies and information science to improve egg quality control, in this Engormix interview during IPPE 2024 in Atlanta, USA....
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Alin Khaliduzzaman (University of Illinois Urbana Champaign) Some of the continents and countries might suffer severe food shortage in the next few decades due to climate changes, global unrest, and economic instability. Therefore, we need major technological advancement for egg and poultry production industry to deal with global animal food security and poultry welfare issues. The current hatchery practices, post-hatch grading of day-old chicks,...
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Duarte Neves (Zinpro) comments on how translucency can be used as a novel eggshell quality parameter to predict the hatchability of fertile eggs, in this Engormix interview during IPPE 2024 in Atlanta, USA....
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Jodi Delago (Arm & Hammer) Hatchability rates in the US broiler industry have been declining since 2014. The average weekly hatchability rate in the US in 2023 has been approximately 80.7%, a decrease of more than 4% since 2014. Published studies of nonviable embryos in Canada indicated that Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli are frequently recovered from nonviable embryos and that infection by one or both bacteria may be contributing to...
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Jodi Delago (Arm & Hammer) discusses declining hatchability rates caused by Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli, in this interview during IPPE 2024 in Atlanta, USA....
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I. INTRODUCTION Modern broilers grow quickly because they have tremendous genetic potential due to intensive selection for increased growth rate and efficiency (Zuidhof et al., 2014). The parents, broiler breeders, carry this genetic potential and when fed ad libitum, easily become overweight (Heck et al., 2004), compromising reproductive performance (Renema and Robinson, 2004; Chen et al., 2006) and reducing welfare (Mench, 2002). Thus, broiler breeder hens are typically feed...
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