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Poultry genetics and reproduction
Poultry breeding has been one of the most impactful advances in the last 100 years. The role that improved global production of eggs and poultry meat have in reducing global hunger and food insecurity is difficult to overstate. The vast majority of these improvements have come from genetic selection for improved feed efficiency, along with streamlining of the overall production system, and better understanding of poultry nutrition. While the industrial approach to poultry production has created a highly consistent and dependable food source the world over, several problems threaten the long term sustainability of this model - including musculoskeletal and metabolic disorders, welfare concerns, and the need to adapt to a changing climate. Researchers in poultry breeding and genetics utilize quantitative, population, and molecular genetic techniques to help understand the effects of selection for economically important traits and enhance genetic performance through changes in environment and management strategies.
For the last three decades poultry production worldwide has made tremendous progress in terms of quantity and quality of meat and egg production, including improvement of growth rate and feed conversion rate. However, it has been proven that commercial poultry production is associated with a range of stresses including environmental, technological, nutritional, and internal/biological [1,2]. Indeed, it is practically impossible to avoid stresses, so therefore overproduction of free radicals...
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PlusVet Animal Health present the negative effects heat stress layers and breeders on the fertility of layers and breeders....
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"Zinc can play a role in improving not only the reproduction of the breeder but also the livability of the chicken from that egg". Dr. Mercedes Vazquez-Anon, senior director of animal nutrition, Novus International, spoke to Engormix about maternal feeding/epigenetics during IPPE 2020, in Atlanta, USA....
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INTRODUCTION Genetic selection programs emphasizing broiler growth, breast muscle deposition, and feed efficiency traits over the past 30 yr have led to a rate of change that has not slowed (Havenstein et al., 2003a,b). Photostimulation ( PS ) age, feed allocation, and BW profile of the maturing pullet can all effect nutrient partitioning between growth and ovary development (Robinson et al., 2007). Renema et al. (2007b) reported that, as a percentage of BW, Ross 708...
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INTRODUCTION Cool temperature storage of eggs prior to incubation is a frequent practice of commercial broiler hatcheries. However, continued storage beyond 7 d leads to an increase in early embryonic mortality. The cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for early embryonic mortality associated with egg storage and means to reduce such mortality has been addressed by several investigators (Fasenko, 2007; Hamidu et al., 2011; Dymond et al., 2013)....
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1. Introduction Salmonella enterica is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness in the United States and around the world [1,2]. While there are over 2500 serotypes of Salmonella, 20 serotypes, including serotype Infantis, account for most U.S. human infections [3]. Infantis was the sixth most common serotype associated with human infections in 2016 and the fifth most common serotype isolated from chicken products in the U.S. in 2014 [3,4]. Infantis has consistently been...
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In some companies, fertility and hatchability start to decrease during the last weeks of production, for example after 50 weeks, at the same time there is a loss of feathers in the back or there is an overweight of the egg. How can we improve fertility and hatchability in the last phase of production of broiler breeders? To improve fertility and hatchability we must evaluate three important points: (a) management of the roosters, (b) hen feather cover and (c) egg size. ...
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I. INTRODUCTION Using AI, the services of a single superior male can be extended to a large number (more than 250) of females instead of 8 hens (natural mating). AI in avian species expresses better fertility than natural mating (Saeki and Nagomi, 1964, Mohan et al., 2016). AI increases overall fertility and hatchability with reduced cost of production per day old chick (Brillard, 2003). Adopting AI needs fewer males which saves feed, labour, space, maintenance and operating...
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INTRODUCTION Heritage chickens are important for breeders and industry to protect valuable genes and traits over the long term. However, 50% or more of the genetic diversity is absent in commercial pure lines (FAO, 2007; Muir et al., 2008). Therefore, preserving potentially valuable genes by conducting research with heritage breeds is important. Changes in live weight and proportional growth of body components as affected by genotype and environmental factors are defined as...
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New research from North Carolina State University has found that Campylobacter bacteria persist throughout poultry production – from farm to grocery shelves – and that two of the most common strains are exchanging...
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Fowl aviadenoviruses (FAdVs) are worldwide-distributed viruses and are the causative agents of the inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in chickens (1). IBH is characterized by hepatic necrosis with microscopic eosinophil or basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes and mortality rates around 10% (2). FAdVs have been grouped into five species (FAdV-A to FAdV-E) on the basis of their genome structure and further divided into 12 serotypes (FAdV-1 to -8a and -8b to -11), based on a...
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I. INTRODUCTION The profitability of the egg industry at commercial farm level is influenced by key production traits such as feed consumption, feed efficiency and egg quality. These measures of profitability are primarily controlled by genetics, but are also influenced by environmental factors leading up to the onset of lay and beyond. Consequently, inconsistency in voluntary feed intake and hen body weight can result in variations in feed efficiency, egg production and egg...
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Background Avian influenza (AI) is an infectious viral disease that mainly affects the respiratory or digestive system. The avian influenza viruses (AIV) affect different species of wild and domestic birds [1]. They belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family, having a single stranded RNA genome composed of eight segments that code for more than 11 viral proteins. The Hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA) genes code for the major virus surface glycoproteins [2]. Based on their...
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How did new poultry breed will be released by crossing local chicken with exotic with special emphasis on layer? ...
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The International Conference on Poultry Intestinal Health is proud to announce the topic of the upcoming Virtual Event: "Applications of -omics technologies in poultry health and productivity: where are we now?" on April 22, 2021 from 1.00pm to 3.00pm CET (7.00 - 9.00 am Colombian time-GMT-5).
We are...
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INTRODUCTION Broiler hatching eggs can be stored at temperatures lower than ambient temperature before incubation, which is a common practice in commercial breeding farms and hatcheries. As per the variable market demand for 1-day-old parent stock chicks and the hatchery capacity, the duration of egg storage varies. Normally, commercial hatcheries set their eggs after 3 to 5 d of storage to minimize the negative effects of...
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1. Introduction The male breeding broiler is the bird used to produce a fertile egg from which the future broiler will be fattened to obtain meat. The importance of the rooster lies in the dissemination of genetic progress to obtain, in its progeny, large muscle masses because during its reproductive stage it is responsible for the fertilization of 1000 to 2000 eggs [1]. Currently, due to the genetic improvements that have been carried out to obtain birds with large muscle...
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by Sam Shafer
When humans domesticate and breed an animal, they tend to select for a very specific trait. In laying hens, artificial selection for high egg production has led to hens that can produce 320 eggs a year. But could artificial selection have unintentionally altered hen brain morphology?
In a new study, published in the July issue of Poultry...
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BREEDER MANAGEMENT Breeder management may refer to pure line management, parent stock management, and grand parent stock management depending on the context. Although there may be small variations in management among these stocks some basics are common within layer breeder stocks and broiler breeder stocks. The main aim of the breeder management is to produce the more number of fertile eggs per pullet and increasing the hatchability by hygienic handling of the fertile eggs. One...
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