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Hatching - Incubation
Hatching of eggs refers to the production of baby chicks. In early days eggs were hatched by placing them under broody hens. Desi hens proved to be ideal for this purpose. Only 10 to 12 eggs can be put under 1 hen. This method of hatching is highly unsatisfactory for large-scale production of baby chicks. Incubators, which provide similar environment as that of broody hens, but more efficiently, are used at present for hatching of eggs. The incubation period for chicken eggs is 20 to 21 days, and increases up to 30 days for other poultry. After sitting for some days, a broody hen can be given some newly hatched chicks and, if they are accepted, the original eggs can be removed and replaced with more chicks. Thus hens with a better record of mothering can be better utilised for their abilities. Eggs initially need a very controlled heat input to maintain the optimum temperature of 38°C, because the embryo is microscopic in size.
Mueez Ahmad (Arm & Hammer) Enterococcus faecalis is considered a normal inhabitant of the poultry gastrointestinal tract. Although it has been known to be an opportunistic poultry pathogen, high levels of this organism can be recovered from the intestinal tract of normal, healthy birds with no known disease issues. More recently, an increasing number of poultry veterinarians and diagnostic laboratories have been reporting that E. faecalis is...
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Mueez Ahmad (Arm & Hammer) gives a presentation on Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli and their impact on decreased hatchability, during the 11th Symposium on Gut Health in Production of Food Animals in St. Louis, USA....
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INTRODUCTION In the modern poultry production system, the first reported chick embryos injection of thiourea was done by Grossowicz in 1946 to observe the effect in hatchling and post-hatch life (1), followed by thyroxin by Balaban and Hill (2). Later, in ovo technique (IOT) was first opted for vaccination against Marek’s disease by Sharma and Burmester (3). Subsequently, the success of in ovo vaccination (IOV) has set forth a paradigm shift in the poultry industry by adapting...
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Enteric diseases can severely affect health and welfare in broilers but can be effectively treated by antibiotics. However, complying with current consumer trends requires the adoption of other strategies away from these chemicals. One of the alternatives is essential oils (EO’s); plant-derived compounds that are used in poultry nutrition due to their antimicrobial, antioxidant and immunemodulating effects (Brenes & Roura, 2010). Little is known about using EO’s during...
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The dynamic complexity of the developing embryo requires the maintenance of differentiated compartments with the capacity to maintain independent environments required to optimise their function. One of the least understood homeostatic mechanisms in embryonic development relates to the pH. The albumen’s pH at lay experiences a sharp increase to 9.7 which later decreases to 6.90 by day 17 (Tona et al., 2001). In contrast, the pH of yolk starts with a relatively low 6.67 at lay and...
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Introduction When it comes to incubating eggs, one of the most crucial factors to consider is humidity. Proper humidity levels during incubation can greatly impact hatchability, embryonic development, and chick quality. In this article, we will explore the relationship between humidity and egg size and how they affect the incubation process. We will delve into the scientific research and provide practical advice for achieving optimal results. ...
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Introduction The nutrient content of the hatching egg influences the development and growth of embryos during incubation and the post-hatch performance of chicks (Al-Murrani, 1982; Shafey et al., 2013). The administration of nutrients into the hatching eggs is called in ovo feeding (Uni et al., 2005). The overall aim of in ovo feeding is to supply adequate nutrients to the growing embryo. In ovo feeding improves the hatchability of eggs, the viability and weight of chicks at...
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Heat production and heat loss are critical factors in the development of a chicken embryo. The chicken embryo undergoes a complex process of growth and development within the egg, and maintaining an optimal balance between heat production and heat loss is crucial for ensuring the proper growth and development of the embryo. The air temperature and heat...
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The incubation environment is important for embryonic development and programs chick welfare. The focus of this newsletter is on the effects of the incubator environment on chicken egg incubation, but the same principles can apply to other poultry species. For more information on hatchery topics, see our ...
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INTRODUCTION Chicken meat consumption has drastically increased in the past decades, and Australia has the fourth highest consumption of chicken meat in the world, eating 47.64 kg/person in 2020 (ACMF, 2021). The success of the poultry industry is highly related to the improved growth and performance capabilities of chicken meat birds with some strains of broilers capable of reaching market weight by 35 d of age (Singh et al., 2021). The industry now requires new approaches to...
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Additional research has shown that using DHP in single stage incubators can achieve the same level of microbial reduction on eggshells as pre-fogging eggs with formaldehyde prior to set. The next step in the research process, and thus the purpose of this experiment, was to directly compare dry hydrogen peroxide to the traditional method of using formaldehyde for microbial reduction. The trial is set in a commercial broiler hatchery, where DHP units were installed throughout the egg room,...
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Brian Jordan (University of Georgia) explains the evolution of his research on dry hydrogen peroxide and the latest results presented at IPPE 2023 in Atlanta, USA....
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by Sam Shafer
Poultry scientists show that floor eggs are less likely to be fertilized—and much more likely to be contaminated than previously thought
Some hens like to lay in nest boxes. Others not so much. Where hens lay their eggs can make a big difference in egg viability. “Floor eggs” tend to be cracked, contaminated with bacteria, and much less likely to hatch.
A new study in ...
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1. Introduction The mucosal lining of the small intestine is a highly functional epithelium comprised of absorptive, secretive and sensory cells, which are constantly renewed by multipotent intestinal stem cells (ISC). ISC reside within crypts, and constantly proliferate for self-renewal and generation of progenitor cells, which differentiate into the functional cells that line lumen-facing villi (Carulli et al., 2014; Potten and Loeffler, 1990). Compartmentalization of the...
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INTRODUCTION Amino acids (AA) and crude protein (CP) intake during the rearing phase in broiler breeders have demonstrated to affect body composition and reproductive performance in the laying period (Joseph et al., 2000; Ciacciariello and Tyler, 2013; van Emous et al., 2013, 2015a, 2015b). Modifications of these nutrients added up to the adjustment of feed allocation may alter BW (van Emous et al., 2013; Soumeh et al., 2018), organ development (Lesuisse et al., 2017), egg...
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Edgar Oviedo-Rondón (NC State University) discusses the importance of amino acids and how to find the proper levels to achieve better growth and development....
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Observing a developing embryo can be a very fascinating and educational experience for all ages. Since most embryos develop internally and therefore are difficult to observe, the chick embryo provides an excellent tool for many types of learning situations. Artificial incubation is usually used for projects where the embryo is to be observed and is also frequently used for hatching chicks for other reasons as well. Due to the fact that small display...
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Broiler welfare assurance programs specify the standards that producers must follow to sell their broilers, receive a premium, and/or a certification label on their products. Broiler assurance programs differ in the guidelines and audit standards that producers must follow because the missions and goals of each organization...
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We use an equal proportion of water an formalin, 8-10 hours after egg transfer, one container in front of hatcher and 1 in the back. There is some problems such as : Hatch delay, Ventilation adjusment, .... whats your solutions for day-old chick color uniformity? ...
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