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Genomic selection in poultry
Genomic selection is a recent paradigm shift for animal breeding. The availability of hundreds of thousands of markers covering the entire genome has provided an opportunity to increase the accuracy of estimated breeding values, better manage genetic variation and shorten generation intervals. The development of technology enables more accurate and efficient selection of breeding animals. This is particularly relevant for poultry, for which short generation intervals and relatively large populations allow rapid genetic progress. Over recent decades, we have seen implementation of increasingly complex and computationaly demanding statistical approaches to assess the genetic value of an individual using phenotypic and pedigree information. With the availability of genome sequence and the development of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) DNA marker chips, further improvements can be achieved. Over the last 50 years, genetic selection in poultry has proven to be extremely successful.
1. Introduction As reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), salmonellosis is taking third place among foodborne diseases in humans, causing death. In European Union, Salmonella Infantis has been ranked among five most prevalent infection-causing serovars in humans [1]. Unlike S. Enteritidis, S. Infantis serovar tends to develop multidrug resistant phenotype more often. It has been recognized as a persistent clone,...
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I. INTRODUCTION Since the 20th century when commercial poultry breeding first started, the growth rate of meat chickens has quadrupled, and their body structure has also changed dramatically especially with the enlarged size of the breast muscles (Muir and Aggrey, 2003). This is the result of a combination of selective breeding, efficient production systems, improved diets and veterinary care (Fanatico et al., 2007). It now takes about 38 days for day old fast-growing broilers...
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Demand for animal protein for human consumption is rising globally at an unprecedented rate. Modern poultry production practices are associated with regular use of AGPs, potentially increasing selection pressure on bacteria to become resistant. AGP-alternatives are being sought to improve poultry performance. While the industry is focused on developing alternate solutions; their mode of action still remains unclear. Present study is undertaken to establish probable mechanism of action of...
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Monika Proszkowiec-Weglarz (USDA) talked about the effects of genetic background on microbial populations, according to the results of the research, during the 8th Symposium on Gut Health in Production of Food Animals in St. Louis, USA....
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1. Introduction The CXC chemokine family consists of two subfamilies, delineated by the presence or absence of the tripeptide Glu-Leu-Arg (ELR) motif located in the NH2-terminal region and designated as ELRþ or ELR CXC chemokines, respectively (Fernandez and Lolis, 2002). CXCL8, also known as interleukin-8 (IL-8), belongs to the ELRþ CXC chemokine subfamily and functions as a neutrophil chemoattractant and potent angiogenic factor (Modi et al., 1990)....
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INTRODUCTION Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an acute Clostridium infection, which is characterized by severe necrosis of the intestinal mucosa (Parish, 1961). NE has recently become a significant problem for the poultry industry because of restrictions on antibiotic usage and high-density production conditions (Williams, 2005). In the United States, NE has caused enormous economic losses in the poultry industry (accounting for > $2 billion/year), largely due to the impaired...
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Introduction Interleukin 2 (IL2) and IL15 play key roles in the regulation of homeostasis and function of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The effects of these cytokines on target cells are mediated by their heterotrimeric receptors that consist of a specific a-subunit and two shared subunits, IL2 and IL15 receptor b (IL2/15Rb, CD122) and a common cytokine receptor γ (γ c ) [1,2]. Although the asubunits of the IL2 and IL15 receptors define the...
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The chicken is a useful animal model for biological research and can be used to produce biopharmaceutical products that cannot be produced in mammalian bioreactor systems. Chicken meat and eggs derived from 70 billion chickens yearly are an important source of high quality protein, vitamins and minerals in the global economy. The ability to precisely edit the chicken genome to introduce or test genetic variants will aid the study of gene function, define combinatorial allelic contribution to...
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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) (Coronaviridae, Gammacoronavirus) is an economically significant pathogen of the poultry industry worldwide. It causes low egg and meat production and the highly contagious respiratory disease avian infectious bronchitis (1–3) in poultry. IBV has a high mutation and recombination rate, leading to the frequent appearance of new genotypes and antigenic variants worldwide with little or no crossprotection, mainly due to Spike 1 (S1) protein variability...
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Bacillus licheniformis-Fermented Products Improve Growth Performance and Intestinal Gut Morphology in Broilers under Clostridium perfringens Challenges (Extract)
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1. Introduction Genetic selection for production traits, to meet increased requirements for chicken meat, has been applied to broiler chickens at an unprecedented rate (Siegel, 2014; Tixier-Boichard et al., 2012; Zuidhof et al., 2014). Such an emphasis on productive traits may have compromised the ability of modern broilers to cope with metabolic and skeletal disorders (Dawkins and Layton, 2012; Julian, 1998) and infectious pathogens (Cheema et al., 2003; Yunis et al., 2000)....
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Introduction The poultry industry, more specifically, the broiler industry, plays a key role in the delivery of high quality protein and lipids to the world population. Per capita consumption of chicken meat of both developed and underdeveloped nations increased greatly from 1995 through 2005 (Scanes, 2007). This was, in part, because unlike red meats, there are no religious or cultural constraints associated with poultry meat consumption. Additionally, global prices of chicken...
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Kate Miska (USDA) shared a study on differences in gene expression and its relation with growth potential and efficiency, during the 8th Symposium on Gut Health in Production of Food Animals in St. Louis, USA....
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Background The apicomplexan E.acervulina specifically infects the duodenum resulting in diarrhea, poor feed conversion, and reduced body weight gain, thereby incurring large economic losses to the poultry industry [1]. Traditional disease control methods have relied on chemoprophylaxis with anti-coccidia drugs or immunization with live/attenuated parasite vaccines [2]. However, novel strategies are sought due to increasing governmental restrictions on the commercial use of...
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Optimizing performance in broilers with low crude protein diets
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Background
The last few years have been exciting times in the chicken genetics community. We have a sequence of the chicken genome [1], we have 2.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the chicken has been recognized as a biomedical model organism by NIH and we have easy access to many tools to analyze chicken genomic information. These tools, resources and philosophies have all opened many more avenues for poultry research than were available just 10...
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Background The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a polymorphic gene region that is conserved in all jawed vertebrates. The MHC is characterized by the presence of a number of conserved genes that have remained together during evolution. In chickens, MHC genes are divided into two large gene clusters, MHC-B and MHCY, which are located in separate haplotypes but on the same chromosome [1]. Many of these genes contribute to immune responses with specific alleles at some...
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Nowadays layer breeds show a steadily increasing persistency and prolonged lifetime production period. This is mainly due to genetic improvements but nevertheless, management and especially nutrition of the nowadays highly prolific layer birds need to ensure respectively support those benefits mentioned before. Modern layer hybrids are a four-line-cross with a long breeding history and show a very high production potential in...
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Introduction Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 persists in natural reservoirs of aquatic birds and waterfowl. In 1996 it was discovered that infected wild geese in Southern China were responsible for transmitting the virus to poultry [1]. In 2003, HPAIV H5N1 began to spread from Southeast Asia to other regions, and in the past decade it has caused numerous outbreaks on poultry farms in over 60 countries in Asia, Africa, and Europe. While the virus remains...
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Background The cleidoic avian egg is a highly ordered structure and the recognized hallmark of reproduction in birds. During egg formation, the accumulation of liver-secreted egg yolk proteins takes place in the chicken ovary. Following ovulation, the developing egg transits through specialized regions of the oviduct where the egg white, eggshell membranes and eggshell are sequentially deposited in the magnum, white...
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INTRODUCTION Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an economically important disease of the poultry industry worldwide, and is mediated by Clostridium perfringens strains that produce necrotic enteritis toxin B-like (NetB), a β-pore-forming toxin (Yan et al., 2013). NE was described in chicken for the first time by Parish in England in 1961 (Parish, 1961). The disease has been estimated to cost the world poultry industry...
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