Infectious Coryza

Dear All, All your comments are very useful and enrich the discussion! We also have to bear in mind the fact that diseases usually come associated with other bacteria and viruses. Mycoplasma is frequently associated but not always present. Some very pathogenic strains are able to cause severe disease per se, even with septicaemia and infections of the lower respiratory tract, that is our experience of serovar B in Argentina. We also found that sometimes Avibacterium gallinarum (ex- Pasteurella gallinarum) usually comes after the outbreak of Coryza severely affecting the eyes and paranasal sinuses with development of caseous material, causing loss of the sight in many hens. Have you had the same clinical picture? Dr. Horacio Raúl Terzolo

For respiratory tract of diseases Drum stick leaf powder used as herb in olden days in India for human. It can be tried and the result can be communicated to public.

Dear Authors, I am thankful to you for such a comprehensive article on Infectious Coryza. Certainly instead of antibiotics; vaccination is the best way to prevent IC. From last three years I am working on sero- surveillance of Avi paragallinarum in India, where I found many such variants routinely and some of them are even isolated from already vaccinated birds. So, I feel use of variants based autogenous vaccines would be more beneficial. Thank you!!

what will you do if the disease occurs? killed vaccines will nor help treat your birds

What ever may be the case preventive meassures and self immunisation is the permenent remedy which everybody should think of both for birds and the end users.By feeding cholesteral food the end user also getting problem.

Dear Vihang Patil, Thank you for your positive opinion about the usefulness of this article! I agree completely that vaccination with dead autogenous bacterins (representative of the antigens acting in the geographical area) is the best preventive way together with biosecurity and hygienic management with additional prevention targeted against of other infectious agents, particularly Mycoplasma spp. and respiratory viruses such as for example infectious bronchitis. Your very interesting work about the variation of the sero-prevalence points out the diversity of bacterial antigens within a same microorganism and the strong possibility of vaccine failures due to development of new strains that replace the existent which are inhibited by the immune-protection of the vaccinated birds against the previous strains. This fact has been proved for infectious coryza when serovar B caused extensive outbreaks in hens which were only vaccinated against serovars A and C, as at that time it was wrongly believed that this serovar B was non-pathogenic or non-existing anymore despite it has been described by previous researchers. Also, if the standard commercial dead vaccine adequately protects the birds it would not be necessary to administer autogenous vaccinations. Best regards, Dr. Horacio Raúl Terzolo

Dr.Talapaneni.Kotaiah, When vaccine failures occur prevention is not possible anymore and treatment with antibiotics are indicated until new preventive or corrective measures are implemented. Best regards, Dr. Horacio Raúl Terzolo

Hi Horacio, there is a management dimension Infectious Coryza persists in production areas where hens are not culled on time. So it is important not to keep too old layers or to have birds of different age close by during production. Although the latter measure is difficult for infrastructural reasons, but it is professionally better if we have rearing operations far separated from layer egg segment.

Dear Sirs, Have been working on IC problems and vaccine solutions for few years now. In my experience IC being a carrier state infection strikes when flocks are moved from brooder areas to grower sheds or later from Grower sheds to layer sheds. If there has been a prior instance of IC in the resident flock the new immigrants are likely to pickup infection and show clinical disease 1-2 weeks later. Therefore, we have strategised that birds should have fully developed active immunity prior to transfer. This calls for vaccination at 4 and 2 weeks before transfer for primary and booster vaccinations respectively. However, since all generalisations are false, there may be situations where such provision do not exactly apply. Regards to all.

Dear sir from our field experience i think that the best way to prevent coryza infection in your flocks is to vaccinate it twice with inactivated vaccine include the 3 strains ABC at 9 week and at 16 week . reduce dust and heat stress will help . if challenge happened you can spray the birds with iodine solution 1: 40 fine spray several times a day also you can spray sulfa anti boitic and giving birds fosfin with tylosin via drinking water well help to end it and help bird for quick recovery and low looses and it is recommended to repeat the medication after 3 weeks of challenge by another broad spectrum antibiotic. with my best regards

Dear Dr. Horacio Terzolo, Thank you for word of appreciation and encouraging response to my comment. Your extensive research work and articles on Infectious Coryza are always been source of inspiration for most of the budding workers in IC including me. I am totally agree that dead bacterins with standard strains (including A, B and C strains) are always first choice of defense but in some post-vaccination outbreaks there is necessity to identify a local variant and use it in customized vaccine would provide additional immunity to birds. Finding non-typable variants is also an area where work is required. Certainly masking of some other diseases over Infectious Coryza is repeatedly found phenomenon in farms with poor hygienic conditions. Thank you once again!! Regards, Mr Vihang Patil

Infectious Coryza is a kind of infection that spreads very fast within the flock . Although, vaccination is the best method of prevention ,but control must be looked at from the angle of strict sanitation and hygiene. Poultry managers and attendants should be observant to cull birds that shows first signs/ symptoms of the infection .

Infectious Coryza a disease precipitated by organism H.Paragallinarum and unquestionably the same is prevalent to endemic zone where fall in temperature with high humidity is common.The treatment with vaccination as suggested along with sulphonamides through watering would be beneficial.The birds survived from such onslaught act like a dormant career of the disease. Bio security with proper hygiene in farm should be prioritize to contain the crisis.The method of improper vaccination with live organism to a farm which had already exposed to IC once would worse the situation further.

Dear Dr. Belwal sir, Thank you very much for sharing your valuable thoughts and insight regarding Infectious Coryza. I have one doubt; if protection is related with immunization schedule then as per field reports some products providing better results over others. Therefore I personally feel that there should be the role of antigen quality/ antigen concentration/ antigen subtypes/ adjuvants used. I would be grateful if given some expertise advice on the points mentioned because I am research student carrying project on Infectious Coryza. Thank you once again.. Regards, Mr. Vihang Patil

Very good article in Egypt we used mainly products of sulpha compination and used 2% boric acid solution topical for eyes to treat and maninize the pathological effect of coryza

I also wish to remind that the current Microbiome research will shed some light on the effect of feed ingredient that may result in better immune response to any infection by pathogens. We had some expereince with a mixture of beta-glucan made from yeast cell wall, creating amazing results.

Dear William T H Chang, Interesting observation of your research. Could you please give us more details regarding the mechanism of action of beta-glucan from yeast cell wall acting in any infection (bacterial?, viral?) Do you think that this feed ingredient could be active against the Avibacterium paragallinarum? There is some experience on infectious coryza? Thank you! Best regards,, Dr. Horacio Raúl Terzolo

I am also interested in the role of the BETA - GLUCAN in the control of Infectious Coryza. Is there a publication on the matter?

In my view vaccination with oil adjuvant vaccine twice at 4-6 weeks interval gives better protection. All in all out system prevents the spread between flocks.

Dear Vihang Patil, Thank you for your comments about our work and your queries regarding vaccination! I would like to say that in some parts of the world vaccines do not contain serovar B, simply because this serovar does not exist in this geographical areas. Regarding the expression standard strains, we should not include some standard strains that are used routinely used for serological classification because this are “laboratory strains” subjected to multiple subcultures that make this strains to loss pathogenicity together with antigenicity. In fact, you can even isolate (from apparently healthy flocks) field strains that are unclassifiable due to loss of haemagglutination antigens and are totally apathogenic. The correct antigen for a vaccine should include strains able to cause disease and hence also able to be evaluated in their protection by challenge- protection trials when confronted against vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens. Regarding adjuvants, it depends upon the quality of the adjuvant. Some commercial vaccines including oil adjuvant are excellent. The double emulsion oil is the only adequate for poultry; other simple emulsion used in another animal species are not suitable. Nevertheless, for preparing auto-vaccines of limited use in some areas it is easier to prepare them using a good quality aluminum hydroxide gel; the duration of the protection depends upon the quality of the gel, there are some interesting papers on this subjects (see Blackall et al.). Best regards, Dr. Horacio Raúl Terzolo