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Main text Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was first described in 1998 [1], and since then, it has become one of the most important pig pathogens, contributing to considerable economic losses by a syndrome called porcine circovirus disease (PCVD). The virus has demonstrated the highest evolution rate among similar DNA viruses, resulting in genetic shifts even over the rather short period of time since its recognition [2]. Today six genotypes of PCV2 are known, PCV2a-f [3]. PCV2d...
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The intestinal morphology can be compromised in pigs when exposed to heat stress (HS), partly due to increased production of reactive-oxygen species. Because methionine (Met) functions as intracellular antioxidant, requirement of Met may be increased in HS-pigs. The effect of dietary supplementation with DL-Met above requirement on performance and serum concentration (SC) of free AA in HS-pigs was evaluated. A basal wheat-soybean meal diet was formulated to meet 100% Met requirement...
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INTRODUCTION Antibiotics have given significant contributions to the human food production chain during their almost 80 years of use. Such contributions include a reduced incidence of bacterial disease, improved animal health status, and an overall enhancement in production efficiency (1, 2). However, due to concerns of antimicrobial resistance and its consequences to human health, the entire food-producing industry is under pressure to remove antibiotics from animal production...
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Introduction Post-weaning diarrhoea ( PWD ) is a significant enteric disease causing considerable economic losses for the pig industry. Among several etiological risk factors, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ( ETEC ) is considered to be a major cause, i.e. colibacillosis. The use of antibiotics at subtherapeutic concentrations was routinely used as growth promoters for several decades, but has since 1 January 2006 been banned in the European Union due to the...
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Introduction There are four forms of phytic acid (inositol hexakisphosphate, InsP 6 ), which have been identified in nature, myo, neo-, scyllo- and D-chiro-, that differ in their stereochemical conformation (Fig. S1) and association with metal ions as phytates in different soils (Turner et al., 2002). Among these, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP 6 ) garners the most attention from plant scientists. It is the principal storage form of phosphorus in plants,...
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Introduction: Healthy pigs carrying Streptococcus (S.) suis on their tonsils are known to be a source of S. suis transmission in pig herds. S. suis can cause severe clinical disease, especially if co-infection with other pathogens occur. As a precautionary measure in experimental infection trials with other pathogens, pigs are treated with antibiotics to eliminate as much as potentially pathogenic bacteria as possible. The effect of cefquinome...
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Introduction: This abstract describes usage of antimicrobials in Finnish swine herds in 2014. Materials and Methods: In 2014 Finnish swine health program (Sikava) collected information from its system from 1282 pig herds. This data consists of 250 519 recordings from 1204 farms. Results: The most commonly administered antimicrobial was procaine benzylpenicillin. It´s active ingredient, benzylpenicillin, was used 1199 kg. The...
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Introduction: Increasing antimicrobial resistance is one of the major problems concerning both veterinary medicine and human health. There are but few reports on antimicrobial susceptibility of C. perfringens from pigs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of porcine isolates of C. perfringens to antimicrobial agents commonly used in swine diseases therapy. Materials and Methods: A total of 159 C. perfringens...
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Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of providing a special feed preparation with a new feed additive based on probiotics to newborn piglets in the first day of life, on their performance during the lactation period. Oral administration of porcine lactic acid lactic bacteria in the first hours of life permits an early colonization of the intestine by beneficial microorganisms that can hinder or prevent a later colonization by pathogens. An...
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Introduction: Brachyspira pilosicoli is the etiologic agent of porcine colonic spirochetosis, a diarrheal disease in growing pigs. Colitis associated with Brachyspira pilosicoli is less severe than swine dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae , however, antimicrobial therapy is needed on some farms to treat diarrhea in weaners and in young finishing pigs. According to principles of prudent use of antimicrobials, only effective drugs should be...
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Introduction: Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the primary etiologic agent of Swine Dysentery. The disease causes severe mucohaemorrhagic diarrhoea, and thereby severe economic losses to swine production. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity, epidemiology and phylogeny among Brazilian isolates of B. hyodysenteriae obtained from outbreaks in 1990s and from 2011 to 2015. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight Brazilian isolates of...
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Introduction: Outbreaks of bloody diarrhea in swine herds in the late 2000s signaled the re-emergence of swine dysentery in the U.S. Diagnostic investigations confirmed the emergence of a novel pathogen “ Brachyspira hampsonii ” with two distinct genetic groups circulating in U.S. swine. It has since been detected in swine and migratory birds in North America and Europe. Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and implement a...
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Introduction: Enteric infections cause economic losses in pig production. Increases in costs are associated with reduced average daily gain (ADG), increased mortality rate and increased in use of antibiotics. Porcine proliferative enteropathies (PPE), swine dysentery (SD), porcine spirochetosis and salmonellosis are enteric diseases caused by L. intracellularis (LI), B. hyodysenteriae (BH), B. pilosicoli (BP) and Salmonella enterica ...
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Introduction: Brachyspira spp. are a group of enteric pathogens prevalent worldwide in most swine rearing geographies. To determine appropriate therapy for Brachyspira disease, minimum inhibitor concentrations (MIC) of antibiotics are a common first step. Narasin is a recently FDA approved ionophore antibiotic to improve growth in swine in the USA. The objective of this study was to determine the MIC of tiamulin and narasin using Brachyspira isolates from clinical...
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Introduction: Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the aetiologic agent of swine dysentery (SD), an infectious disease that affects growing and fattening pigs causing severe bloody diarrhoea and haemorrhagic colitis. Brachyspira pilosicoli causes a non-fatal and non-bloody milder catarrhal colitis named porcine intestinal spirochaetosis (PIS) in young pigs. Our purpose has been to determine the prevalence of these two spirochaetes in Spanish farms with...
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Introduction The use of enzymes in modern non-ruminant production has become universal. This is due to the extensive benefits observed on the productivity of both poultry and swine with its use. Although most feed ingredients used in monogastric nutrition contain adequate nutrients, monogastric animals are not able to efficiently utilize all the nutrients present in these ingredients. This has been attributed to several factors including the presence of antinutritional factors...
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Immunometabolism is the study of immunity and metabolism as an integrated system. The prototypical organ for such study is the gut. Central to the proper and optimum functioning of the gut, thus its immunometabolism, is the microbiota. Often the microbiota is considered only in the context of what functions, molecules and signals it provides to the host. However, the interactions between the host and microbiota must fundamentally be understood as bidirectional communication. In the realm of...
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Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enveloped single-stranded positive sense RNA virus belonging to the Order Nidovirales, the family Coronaviridae and the genus Alphacoronavirus (Saif et al. [1]). Following detection in the US swine population during May, 2013, the virus spread rapidly across the country and 6317 cases of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) have been confirmed in 29 states as of May 3, 2014 [2,3]. While little information is known regarding the...
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INTRODUCTION According to new concepts about human health and increase on protein demand there was significant improvement in carcass quality of pigs to supply market which seeks a pork lean meat. Thus, it should be considered some conditions that impose changes in nutritional requirements of pigs, such as genetic potential for meat production, gender and age for maximal performance. Amino acid levels in most of diets are recommended from the data reviewed (National...
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Introduction: There are two registered vaccines available (Clostriporc A, Enteroporc A, IDT Biologika GmbH) to prevent suckling piglet diarrhea caused by Clostridium perfringens type A (CpA). These are based on the α- and β2-toxoids. The goal of this study was to evaluate the development of antibodies against the α- and β2-toxins after recurrent vaccination of gilts with ENTEROPORC A under laboratory conditions. Materials and...
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