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Mycotoxins in feedstuffs
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Mycotoxin contamination in newly harvested grain is a very important parameter to consider. That grain is used to feed the animals for the whole year, until the next harvest. As the saying goes, “knowing the enemy is half the battle won.” In turn, if we know the level of contamination, we can think about the best use of the wheat: to which animal species it can be fed (avoiding the more sensitive species in cases of high contamination or decreasing the...
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Based on the results of this survey, the 2020 wheat crop in Poland should not automatically be considered safe for inclusion in finished feed rations for all animal species. Special attention should be paid to the medium-high average concentration of DON (1102 μg/kg), which was found in 71% of the samples with maximum concentration 9800 μg/kg. Average HT-2 and T-2 toxins level according to our risk assessment table present low-medium risk to...
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Corn from the two 2020 harvests was found to have low to medium levels of five mycotoxins: AFB1, FB1, ZEA, DON and NIV (multiple mycotoxin contamination). The possible synergism, or additive effect of mycotoxins, also needs to be considered. Multiple mycotoxins at low to medium levels can have negative effects on animal health, reproduction and performance. Based on the results of this survey, the 2020 Brazilian corn crop should not automatically be...
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1. Introduction The economic losses caused by mycotoxins are mostly related to the extra costs employed to reduce or eliminate mycotoxin contamination in the diet, and the financial losses due to suboptimal animal production (Magnoli et al., 2019). Among the mycotoxins affecting livestock production, the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) appears as one of the most important ones. The knowledge regarding the effects of DON on broilers is mostly based on studies using...
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1. Introduction Deoxynivalenol (DON), commonly known as vomitoxin, is a potent mycotoxin produced by the fungus Fusarium graminearum, and its presence in wheat, corn, and barley crops can lead to them being downgraded to livestock feed grade. Pigs, and in particular young piglets, are poorly tolerant to DON contamination. Although extremely high doses of contamination in feed (20 mg/kg feed) will induce vomiting [1,2], swine will tolerate lower-level feed contamination to...
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1. Introduction Wheat is the cereal most consumed worldwide. Both bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) can be affected by Fusarium head blight (FHB). Within the Fusarium graminearum species complex, Fusarium graminearum sensu stricto is the main pathogen associated with FHB in Argentina. During the last 60 years, several epidemics of FHB of varying degrees of severity have occurred in Argentina. During 2012, a severe FHB outbreak...
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1. Introduction Global warming due to climate change is becoming more certain and accepted. It is likely being exacerbated by human industrial activities, which at least offers the hope that it can be reduced by humans, in contrast to natural phenomena. The recent Paris agreement on climate change restricts increases to a maximum of 2°C, and rapid, significant action is anticipated by many. Nevertheless, the consequences of global warming are becoming more evident with each...
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Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), also called scab, is a devastating and dangerous disease of wheat and barley with worldwide distribution. The disease causes yield loss, low-test weights, low seed germination, and contamination of grain with mycotoxins. A vomitoxin called deoxynivalenol (DON) is considered the primary mycotoxin associated with FHB. This mycotoxin is subject to regulatory limits by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Historically, FHB infections have been extremely low in...
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INTRODUCTION Fungi, especially filamentous fungi can engender secondary metabolites denominated mycotoxins that have deleterious impacts, such as estrogenic effect, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity and mutagenicity in humanity and animal. Secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi can be more or less artificially divided in antibiotics that are toxic for microorganisms, phytotoxins that are toxic for plants along with mycotoxins that are toxic for human and animal....
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1. Introduction
Modern feed mills produce a wide range of products on a daily basis, regardless of whether they have one or several processing lines. Formulated diets are often composed of more than 20 ingredients and each of the ingredients is carefully selected based on the nutritional quality, safety, price, and availability [1]. Safe ingredients are important for the production of safe animal feed, which is in turn important for animal health, production of safe...
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1. Introduction Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a fungal disease caused by several Fusarium spp. Wheat, barley, oats, corn, and other cereal grains can be affected by FHB, resulting in small lightweight kernels and, thus, loss of yield. Fusarium spp. produce various amounts and types of trichothecene mycotoxins, which are highly toxic to humans and livestock [1]. A major mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. is deoxynivalenol (DON). Toxin production occurs during disease development...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are fungi-derived metabolites capable of causing a dverse effects to both humans and animals. They are produced by toxigenic fungi, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, and Fusarium species, under specific temperature and humidity conditions [1–4]. The main mycotoxins occurring in food and feedstuffs are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisins [4,5]. Contamination by mycotoxins is common in...
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The Distillers Grains Technology Council has taken the annual symposium virtual and with a new format: as an on-line webinar held in three occurrences. The first session was completed on May 13th, the second on June 10th, and this third part will take place on July 8th.
Because sponsors agreed to offset the costs of the technology,...
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A team of researchers from several institutions in China, one in the U.S. and one in Israel, has found a protective gene in wild wheatgrass that shows promise in stopping fusarium head blight in wheat and barley crops. In their paper published in the journal Science, the group describes how they found the gene and how well it has worked against...
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When addressing mycotoxin issues the fact that multiple ingredients make up a dairy cattle diet can be viewed both positively and negatively. Multiple feeds dilute the toxins from any given feed, resulting in a safer diet. On the other hand, since the effect of toxins can be additive, if there are multiple contaminated feeds, toxicity of individual feeds will be compounded. This article addresses the potential for individual feeds in a typical dairy cow diet to contribute the most...
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Trevor Smith (University of Guelph) gave an overview of the conjugated forms of different mycotoxins, during IPPE 2019 in Atlanta, USA....
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1. Introduction The rapid growth in the meat sector has been underpinned by the rising demand of poultry meat, which has consistently increased about threefold the rate of population growth over each of the past five decades [1]. The presence of microscopic fungi affects the quality of feeds, their organoleptic attributes, and nutritional quality [2]. Moulds like other microorganisms will assimilate and utilize the most readily available nutrients in the materials they...
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SASKATOON – Researchers at the University of Saskatchewan (USask) Crop Development Centre (CDC) have developed a fast and accurate method for identifying and quantifying toxins in fusarium-infected cereal grain, an innovation that could reduce toxins that are harmful to both animals and humans.
Fusarium head blight (FHB), a fungal...
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INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by specific filamentous fungi that are common contaminants of agricultural commodities. The magnitude of the problem of mycotoxin contamination of agricultural commodities is demonstrated by Mannon and Johnson (1985) stating that one fourth of the grains produced worldwide are contaminated by mycotoxins. FAO has also estimated that worldwide about 25 per cent of crops are affected annually with mycotoxins (Jelinek et al....
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Introduction Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by some fungi that are widely present in feedstuffs. They are responsible for considerable losses and adverse effects on animal health and production (Hauschild et al., 2007). Zearalenone (ZEA) is a non-steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin (Andretta et al., 2008; Andretta et al., 2010) produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum in corn (Fink-Gremmels and Malekinejad, 2007; Chatopadhyay et al., 2012; Gajecka...
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