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Transition period in dairy cattle
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Introduction Dairy cows experience massive metabolic demands to support lactation. They adapt their metabolism to do so, including uncoupling of the somatotropic axis (Baumgard et al., 2017) with peripheral insulin resistance and increased lipolysis to fuel milk production. However, cows are challenged by a transient decrease in feed intake resulting in negative energy and protein balance in early lactation, and short-duration but substantial...
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Introduction Dairy cows are provided high allocations of grain following calving to meet high energy demands for milk production. However, increased grain consumption increases the flow of fermentable carbohydrates to the hindgut, increasing hindgut fermentation (Abdela, 2016). If excessive fermentation occurs, high osmotic pressure and a drop in pH induce inflammation and damage hindgut epithelial cells, thus increasing gut permeability and allowing...
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Introduction The transition period into lactation remains one of the most challenging and important phases of the production cycle in a dairy cow. It is a transient period around calving characterised by drastic changes in the hormonal status, 2 to 5-fold (Bradford, 2020) increases in nutrient demand and apportioning of 85% of body glucose to the mammary gland. Simultaneously, the requirement for specific fatty acids escalates by more than four times (Bell, 1995; McFadden and...
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Dairy cows alter their metabolic, hormonal, mineral, and immunological systems as they transition from pregnancy to lactation. Following parturition cows are unable to consume enough nutrients to meet the energetic demands of lactation (and maintenance costs) and as...
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Transition – a metabolic challenge The transition phase is the period of exceptional metabolic challenges. Daily milk yield increases rapidly but DMI does not follow fast enough. Energy balance is negative and NEFA (non-esterified fatty acid) levels go up as cows mobilize body fat. Keeping close-up DMI on a high level prepares the cow for high DMI post calving. Preventing metabolic issues in this sensitive phase is key to maximize peak performance. University of...
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Going from the late dry period to early lactation requires an incredible adaptation of the cow’s metabolism. No period of her life is posing more physical and physiological challenges - with important consequences for her health. The energy requirement increases within days by factor 4. Energy intake via feed is not able to follow so the cow gets into a negative energy balance (NEBAL). That means she is starving. This condition can last up to 100 days....
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Mike Allen, Distinguished Professor, Dairy Cattle Nutrition at Michigan State University, speaks about fuel sensing, oxidation of fuels, hepatic energy status and about the fuel supply in the blood (how this is affected by diet and physiological state and how it affects energy intake and energy partitioning) during the 2nd Joint Meeting ASAS-AAPA in Buenos Aires, Argentina. ...
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Developments in transition cow nutrition Major advances in transition cow nutrition were made in the decade prior to the 2001 edition of the National Research Council publication Nutrient Requirements of Dairy cattle (Bell, 1995; Grummer; 1995). This led to establishment of the first NRC close-up cow nutrient requirements. Now group feeding close-up dairy cows a specialized ration is an established practice. Close-up cow...
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Introduction During the transition from pregnancy to lactation increased energy and calcium demands for colostrum and milk production, combined with a decline in dry matter intake (DMI) around parturition, can result in negative energy balance (NEB), increased lipid mobilization [1,2] and a reduction in plasma concentrations of calcium [3,4]. These changes increase the risk...
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Introduction Fertility is the result of so many factors that the definition of Fromageot (1978) is not surprising: reproduction can be considered a “luxury” function. In fact, several experiments have demonstrated how numerous and different are the causes of reduced fertility. Among them, nutrition has a relevant role (Wolter, 1973; Bertoni, 1990; Ferguson, 1991) related to the deficiency (and sometimes excess) of either energy,...
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Dr. Pierre Lacasse, Research scientist, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, part of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada’s (AAFC) national network, Canada, talks to us during Phileo's Global Ruminant Symposium on Health & Management in Toulouse, France....
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Prof. Erminio Trevisi, Associate professor at Catholic University of the Sacred Heart - Institute of Zootechnics in Rome, talks to us during Phileo's Global Ruminant Symposium on Health & Management in Toulouse, France....
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Introduction The transition period is the most-critical phase in the productive life of high-producing dairy cows and it is characterized by decreased liver function and increased inflammation and oxidative stress [1, 2]. Although inflammatory pathways play important roles in normal immune function helping the body adjust to and overcome infection with the purpose of restoring homeostasis, uncontrolled inflammatory...
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Dr. Lance Baumgard, Professor at Iowa State University, speaks about a global problem: heat stress and its impact on economy, production and food security. He also mentions some dietary and management strategies to mitigate this problem and reduce the negative effects of heat stress which is becoming worse in the future due to climate change....
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As technological advancements improve our ability to capture dairy performance data, our ability to manage and interpret that data becomes even more important. This is especially true when it comes to management of the transition cows. First and foremost, we need to observe and evaluate what the cows are telling us through their performance at both a group and individual level. We can do...
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1. Introduction The major problems for the dairy practices in the tropical country are low milk yield and short lactation period of either pure exotic or crossbred dairy cattle. Many factors affect milk production in dairy cattle in tropical areas including high environmental temperature and humidity, lower genetic potential for milk production in indigenous cattle and inadequate supply of food during the dry and hot...
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Dear colleagues, I have a dry cow pregnant for a second time which should give birth in about 30 days. It turns out that its appetite has reduced and it´s not eating the feed ration or the corn stover/silage as usual. Its physiological constants are normal. It is possible to feel "pasty" consistency to the rumen contents. Little ruminal movement. Faeces are few but mixed with a kind of grease, jelly-like but gelatinous content. Could...
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