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Dairy reproduction and genetics
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Objective The aim of this work was to compare the parameters of an in vitro embryo production program of cows of different breeds in Paraguay. Materials and methods A total of 4811 OPU sessions were performed between 2016 and 2019 in cows classified according to their breed. Beeftype breeds: Nelore (Bos indicus): n = 1569; Aberdeen Angus (Bos taurus): n = 1276; and Brangus (Cross): n = 182 OPU, and Gyr (Bos indicus):...
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Proper semen handling is essential to maintain optimum reproductive performance of your AI breeding program. To maintain the high quality of semen you purchased from your Select Sires representative, you must pay strict attention to the many details of semen handling outlined is this brochure. SEMEN PACKAGING AND STORAGE Select Sires packages conventional semen in ½ milliliter straws. Gender Selected semen and...
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Supplementation with sodium and calcium salts of malic acid positively impacts productivity and mitigates methane emissions in ruminants: Goats and dairy cattle as case studies
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Introduction Genetic variability of livestock populations is fading. This is due, in part, to genetic improvement programs (FAO, 1998; Gutiérrez and Goyache, 2005). Boichard et al. (1997) mentioned that change in genetic variability across generations could be described by genealogical characterization; and the conservation and consanguinity status of populations can be monitored (Vicente et al., 2012; Pienaar et al., 2015). Genealogical analysis requires the creation and...
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Technical Advances in Vitamin Physical Properties and Premix Performance
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A breed is a group of related animals with similar characters like general appearance, size, features and configuration etc. Often, breeds resemble each other with slight morphological differences, but because of constant inbreeding in one locality, independent breeds have evolved. In general, the cattle from drier regions are well built and those from heavy rainfall areas, coastal and hilly regions are of smaller build. There are total 231 breeds of cattle in...
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INTRODUCTION Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been classified within the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae (Wengler et al., 1995). It has a positive single-stranded RNA genome of approximately 12.3kb size, encoding one open reading frame (ORF) that is translated into a single polyprotein of about 4000 kDa (Collett et al., 1988; Meyers and Thiel, 1996). The polyprotein is subsequently cleaved into 4 structural and 6 to 7 non-structural proteins by viral and...
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Dairy nutritionists are beginning to fine-tune buffer feeding and macromineral nutrition recommendations according to the difference in cation and anion concentrations in the diet. Numerous papers on feeding buffers, macromineral recommendations, and dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) concepts have appeared recently in the scientific literature and popular press. The objective of this paper and presentation will be to deliver only the newest information on this subject for the postpartum...
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Dr. Reuben Mapletoft, professor in the Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences of the University of Saskatchewan, Canada was invited to the X International Symposium of Animal reproduction, Cordoba, Argentina to speak about Recent Developments in Timed Artificial Insemination in Beef Cattle....
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Smart Sensors for Grain and Forage Management
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It is difficult to present scientifically defensible definitions and specifications for what constitutes "cow comfort", but there is no doubt those good managers "know it when they see it".
Today's dairy cow may face a wide variety of environmental stressors. These may include heat stress, overcrowding, infectious challenge, poor ventilation, poor footing, uncomfortable stalls, poor management of grouping and cow movement, and rough handling. The effects...
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Introduction The many hormones, growth factors and cell types involved in bovine mammary gland development and lactation make the elucidation of their roles difficult; a representative in vitro model of lactation would help in this regard. Previously we have isolated a mammary epithelial cell (MEC) clonal line that can undergo three-dimensional morphological and functional differentiation when cultured on a reconstituted basement membrane (McConochie et al., 2004). However, the...
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The changing trends in animal production require the owner/manager to become more efficient in all aspects of the production cycle. Major contributors to economic returns include reproduction and nutritional management of the herd. While both of these issues are important in their own right, recent data indicate substantial interrelationships between them. To maintain high milk output cows should give birth at shortest possible intervals, which means that there is a very tight schedule,...
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In our Country, which has poor dairy cow genetics and demand of milk is continuously increasing day by day, what should be the best way to improve breed within minimum time? Because in some countries like India where there is complete ban on animal import, is it enough to go through Artificial Insemination using imported frozen semen only? ...
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Specific Causes of Reproductive Failure Fertility in cattle has many pre-requisites and components, which require males and females to be functionally capable of reaching the last step, the birth of a normal, vital calf, thus defining the general breeding goal: cows should return to normal ciclicity early postpartum, show strong and regular estrous signs, conceive after AI, carry their pregnancy to term, calve easily and give birth to viable and...
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Breeding efficiency is directly related to the prosperity of dairy industry. Infertility among dairy farm animals is one of the great economic problems which confront the vets. It is particularly wide spread in cattle and buffaloes (Yadav et al., 1991). The case of infertility are numerous, varied and complicated hence so many factors are concerned in successful reproduction. Delayed maturity and infertility in heifer, cattle and buffaloes are the major...
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Pakistan is endowed with a wide diversity of sheep and goat genetic resources, which form the backbone of its rural livelihood security systems. The purpose of small ruminant raising is to produce quality meat to fulfill the demand of meat consumption. At present, there are 61.5 million goats and 28.1 million sheep in Pakistan, together they account for over 616 thousand tones of mutton and 795 thousand tones of milk production annually in the country. Small...
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Supplementation with sodium and calcium salts of malic acid positively impacts productivity and mitigates methane emissions in ruminants: Goats and dairy cattle as case studies
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Background Since the initial development of in vitro embryo production, the technique has been applied successfully to many species for clinical, commercial, and research purposes. In the early days, it was common practice to supplement culture media with serum to support embryo development in many species. But subsequently, serum has been associated with fetal overgrowth in ruminants to give the so-called Large Offspring Syndrome at birth [1]. In cattle, serum supplementation...
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Introduction Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily, which controls numerous events of embryonic, fetal and even adult development in vertebrates (Chen et al., 2004). Several BMPs have been suggested as autocrine/ paracrine regulators of bovine ovarian follicular development, demonstrated by the expression of BMP4 and BMP7 in granulosa and theca cells (Glister et al., 2011). During the follicular...
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Technical Advances in Vitamin Physical Properties and Premix Performance
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Introduction In non-ruminants, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) play a crucial role in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and inflammatory responses [1]. The PPAR family is composed of three subtypes: PPAR-gamma (PPARG), PPAR-alpha (PPARA), and PPARδ/β (PPARD), among which the expression of PPARG and PPARA subtypes are associated with adipogenesis/lipogenesis and catabolism of fatty...
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Introduction The peripartal or “transition” period in taurine cattle is considered the most important phase of the lactation cycle because during this time animals are most-susceptible to metabolic or infectious disorders (Drackley 1999; Van Knegsel et al. 2014). The immune and innate host resistance mechanisms (Mallard et al. 1998) are impaired during the peripartal period, often rendering cows unable to...
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