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Dairy reproduction and genetics
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Introduction Lameness is one of the most important welfare issues of high-producing dairy cows in North America [1]. The latter has been attributed to management and environmental factors [2] as well as physiologic adaptations such as postpartal negative energy balance, which can lead cows to excessive loss of body condition (BCS) [3]. Postpartal negative energy balance can be exacerbated by prepartal high-energy diets,...
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Achieving high conception rate is one of the conditions for achieving efficient production of milk at farm level. For many years the Israeli dairy industry suffered, like other farms in warm areas, a significant decline in the ability to pregnant the cows during summer months, causing seasonality in milk production throughout the year, and hence, to a seasonality of milk supply to the industry and market. ...
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Introduction Dairy farm profitability depends on a herd’s reproductive performance, but this relationship is complex. Farmers and consultants can easily assess reproductive performance by benchmarking pregnancy rate (i.e., 21-d pregnancy rate) or other reproductive metrics, but they find it difficult to measure the economic impact (e.g., profitability) of changes in reproductive outcomes, alternative reproductive...
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1. Introduction Uterine disease in cattle causes economic losses due to reduction of pregnancies per insemination, extended calving to conception intervals and increased culling rates(Gilbert et al., 2005). Postpartum uterine diseases can be classified as puerperal metritis, clinical metritis, clinical endometritis and subclinical endometritis (SCE; Sheldon et al., 2006). Subclinical endometritis is a post partumuterine disease characterized by...
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It´s simple - accurate heat detection programs lead to higher pregnancy rates. Higher pregnancy rates result in more pregnant cows, fewer days open and more profitability for the dairy. Having spent 11 years as the manager of a breeding team in Saudi Arabia and 14 years on different dairies (in Arizona and Oregon), I have seen firsthand the universality of good heat detection programs. Regardless of herd size, facility...
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INTRODUCTION Detection of estrus (heat) is often cited as the most costly component and undoubtedly, the major limiting factor to the success of A.I. programs on many dairy farms. Incorrect detection of estrus is related to loss of income due to extended calving intervals, milk loss, increased veterinary cost, increased heifer rearing cost, and slowed genetic progress. To achieve excellent heat detection, many...
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The bottom line when measuring reproductive performance of a dairy herd is days open/calving interval. Three major components of days open are: Heat detection efficiency. Conception rate. Days to first service. Days to first service is determined by the voluntary waiting period (time after calving that allows for uterine involution and resumption of normal cycling activity) and heat detection efficiency. For many years,...
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Dairy cows today produce twice as much milk per lactation as cows did in 1957 (Figure 1). This improvement has come about because of genetic selection for milk yield, improved feeding practices and other changes in management. Unfortunately, reproductive function has declined steadily for most of that period, and has only recently made a slight recovery. The reasons for the decline in fertility are complex and not completely understood. Inbreeding, lack of selection for reproduction, stress...
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1,3,4 Division of Reproduction, Dept of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. 1,2,5,6,7,8,9 Dept of Animal Environment and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden. 10 Division of Ruminant Diseases and Epidemiology, Dept of Clinical Sciences, Faculty...
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Introduction The clinical endometritis of dairy cows influences the reproductive performance and causes economic losses (Leblanc et al 2006, Azawi 2008). Also, it causes the reduction of the body condition of dairy cows, which in turn suppresses fertility (Runciman et al 2008). It has been determined that it has the prevalence ranging from 5.0 to >30% affecting about 20.0% of lactating dairy cows (Leblanc et al 2002,...
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Accurate visual detection of oestrus in dairy cows is time consuming and labour intensive (Hockey et al 2010). Cow mounted technology has been developed to detect oestrus, but there is limited research regarding the use of this technology for cows in pasture-based systems. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that a commercially available accelerometer device would allow for detection of oestrus as determined by...
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Oxidative stress (OS) can affect a variety of physiological functions in the female reproductive system (Celi, 2011). This study was conducted to evaluate changes in milk profiles of OS biomarkers in dairy cows with ovulatory and anovulatory oestrous cycles. Thirty (11 primiparous and 19 multiparous) healthy, lactating, cycling Holstein Friesian dairy cows averaging 60 ± 17 days in milk, and producing 33 ± 6 kg of milk per...
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Introduction Nowadays production of dairy cattle has become a sophisticated money-making industry throughout the world. For many producers, production traits, e.g. milk, fat and protein yield still form the cornerstone of many breeding plans. In general, no breeding plan could be sustained without genetically addressing and exploring these traits. A recent study indicated that, milk yield per cow per lactation has become...
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The importance of methionine as one of the most-limiting amino acids for milk protein synthesis in dairy cows is well-established. Positive effects of peripartal supplementation of methionine (-21 days through +30 days around parturition) also have been observed in terms of milk production. Recent work has revealed that the benefits of rumen-protected methionine (RPM) during the transition period are not only a function of greater voluntary dry matter intake...
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What should be the ideal (and practical) duration of rest (in days or in numbers of heats) after an abortion, before starting the insemination schedule, in HF cows ? ...
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Introduction
Heat stress (HS) negatively impacts all aspects of dairy cattle production. Decreased milk production and reproduction losses during the summer substantially impact the economic potential of dairy farms. Factors such as global warming, population growth in more temperate climates and an increase in the number of food-producing animals in hotter climates further increase the susceptibility of the...
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Take-Home Message The immune system is the body’s defense system that provides disease resistance The immune system is genetically regulated and can be modified by genetic selection The University of Guelph award-winning patented High Immune Response (HIR) technology is designed to identify cattle with optimized immune responsiveness and is associated with enhanced resistance to a broad range of diseases The Semex...
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Breakthroughs in genetic research have made it possible to evaluate and routinely predict growth, calving ease, and other important, easily observable traits within beef cattle breeds. However, producers also want to be able to do the same for traits such as feed efficiency, disease resistance, meat tenderness, and reproduction, which are...
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Introduction Fertility of dairy cow is reduced in last few decades with increased productivity. Reduced fertility may limit the profitability and sustainability of dairy farms. Fertility is a multi-factorial trait and it is affected by number of factors viz. genetic, environmental, dietary and management factors with their complex interactions which makes difficult to determine the exact reason. Stress could be one...
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Sequencing of the bovine genome offers new opportunities to understand the biology of dairy cattle and provides the framework to identify the genetic basis for the improvements and animal differences in productive efficiency. The new areas of biomics era includes genomics (covering DNA), transcriptomics (RNA), proteomics (protein), metabolomics (metabolites) and systems biology (integrating all of these), with bioinformatics. Omics technologies help to design...
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