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Dairy reproduction and genetics
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Introduction The liver performs essential functions in mammals. These include, but are not limited to, gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis, synthesis of several plasma proteins encompassing clotting factors and acute phase proteins (APP) (e.g., haptoglobin, albumin, and fibrinogen), metabolism of amino acids and lipids, and detoxification including ammonia removal [1,2]. During the period around parturition in dairy...
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Introduction The transcriptome is the momentary sum of all DNA transcribed in a cell. Classically, the transcriptome included the measurement of each of the ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), and transfer RNA. These include a relatively small portion of the whole genome.1 The rest of the DNA was considered, until recently, not to be transcribed.1 The accumulation of data in the last decade or so has provided vast...
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Mepron® supplementation during the transition phase and in early lactation increases DMI and performance of dairy cows
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Background Cows around calving time experience a depression on immune function partially due to the marked negative energy balance (NEB), which results when cows cannot ingest enough nutrients to support dietary requirements for milk production. During this time, methionine (Met) as one of the first limiting AA in dairy cows may be in limited supply. Research has demonstrated that Met plays a key role in milk protein...
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Introduction Dairy farming is a highly dynamic and integrated production system that requires continuous and intense decision-making for improved profitability. Several dairy farm components that include 1) cattle, 2) crops, 3) soils, 4) weather, 5) management, 6) economics, and 7) environment are extremely interrelated [1]. These components and their sub-components dynamically affect and are affected among them. Their...
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Introduction During early lactation (i.e. the first 60 days of lactation), the massive repartition of nutrients to the mammary gland for milk synthesis has been identified as a major contributor to the high risk of developing diseases [1]. This repartition of energy toward the mammary gland is not compensated via feed intake, that is also reaching a nadir during early lactation [1]. The requirement of energy and nutrients...
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Background Previous research has underscored that provision of adequate levels of essential AA (EAA) is critical for improving N utilization efficiency as well as maximizing bovine milk protein synthesis [1]. Rulquin et al. [2] proposed “ideal” values for intestinal absorption of EAA in dairy cows; however, after absorption, AA flow first to the liver where substantial and differential net removal occurs...
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Norel Connects Global Expertise at Its IX International Workshop in Malaysia
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Introduction Lameness is one of the most important welfare issues of high-producing dairy cows in North America [1]. The latter has been attributed to management and environmental factors [2] as well as physiologic adaptations such as postpartal negative energy balance, which can lead cows to excessive loss of body condition (BCS) [3]. Postpartal negative energy balance can be exacerbated by prepartal high-energy diets,...
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Achieving high conception rate is one of the conditions for achieving efficient production of milk at farm level. For many years the Israeli dairy industry suffered, like other farms in warm areas, a significant decline in the ability to pregnant the cows during summer months, causing seasonality in milk production throughout the year, and hence, to a seasonality of milk supply to the industry and market. ...
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Introduction Dairy farm profitability depends on a herd’s reproductive performance, but this relationship is complex. Farmers and consultants can easily assess reproductive performance by benchmarking pregnancy rate (i.e., 21-d pregnancy rate) or other reproductive metrics, but they find it difficult to measure the economic impact (e.g., profitability) of changes in reproductive outcomes, alternative reproductive...
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1. Introduction Uterine disease in cattle causes economic losses due to reduction of pregnancies per insemination, extended calving to conception intervals and increased culling rates(Gilbert et al., 2005). Postpartum uterine diseases can be classified as puerperal metritis, clinical metritis, clinical endometritis and subclinical endometritis (SCE; Sheldon et al., 2006). Subclinical endometritis is a post partumuterine disease characterized by...
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Antioxidant Protection and Immune Function in Dairy Cattle
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It´s simple - accurate heat detection programs lead to higher pregnancy rates. Higher pregnancy rates result in more pregnant cows, fewer days open and more profitability for the dairy. Having spent 11 years as the manager of a breeding team in Saudi Arabia and 14 years on different dairies (in Arizona and Oregon), I have seen firsthand the universality of good heat detection programs. Regardless of herd size, facility...
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INTRODUCTION Detection of estrus (heat) is often cited as the most costly component and undoubtedly, the major limiting factor to the success of A.I. programs on many dairy farms. Incorrect detection of estrus is related to loss of income due to extended calving intervals, milk loss, increased veterinary cost, increased heifer rearing cost, and slowed genetic progress. To achieve excellent heat detection, many...
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The bottom line when measuring reproductive performance of a dairy herd is days open/calving interval. Three major components of days open are: Heat detection efficiency. Conception rate. Days to first service. Days to first service is determined by the voluntary waiting period (time after calving that allows for uterine involution and resumption of normal cycling activity) and heat detection efficiency. For many years,...
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Dairy cows today produce twice as much milk per lactation as cows did in 1957 (Figure 1). This improvement has come about because of genetic selection for milk yield, improved feeding practices and other changes in management. Unfortunately, reproductive function has declined steadily for most of that period, and has only recently made a slight recovery. The reasons for the decline in fertility are complex and not completely understood. Inbreeding, lack of selection for reproduction, stress...
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Smart Sensors for Grain and Forage Management
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1,3,4 Division of Reproduction, Dept of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. 1,2,5,6,7,8,9 Dept of Animal Environment and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden. 10 Division of Ruminant Diseases and Epidemiology, Dept of Clinical Sciences, Faculty...
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Introduction The clinical endometritis of dairy cows influences the reproductive performance and causes economic losses (Leblanc et al 2006, Azawi 2008). Also, it causes the reduction of the body condition of dairy cows, which in turn suppresses fertility (Runciman et al 2008). It has been determined that it has the prevalence ranging from 5.0 to >30% affecting about 20.0% of lactating dairy cows (Leblanc et al 2002,...
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Mepron® supplementation during the transition phase and in early lactation increases DMI and performance of dairy cows
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Accurate visual detection of oestrus in dairy cows is time consuming and labour intensive (Hockey et al 2010). Cow mounted technology has been developed to detect oestrus, but there is limited research regarding the use of this technology for cows in pasture-based systems. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that a commercially available accelerometer device would allow for detection of oestrus as determined by...
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Oxidative stress (OS) can affect a variety of physiological functions in the female reproductive system (Celi, 2011). This study was conducted to evaluate changes in milk profiles of OS biomarkers in dairy cows with ovulatory and anovulatory oestrous cycles. Thirty (11 primiparous and 19 multiparous) healthy, lactating, cycling Holstein Friesian dairy cows averaging 60 ± 17 days in milk, and producing 33 ± 6 kg of milk per...
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Introduction Nowadays production of dairy cattle has become a sophisticated money-making industry throughout the world. For many producers, production traits, e.g. milk, fat and protein yield still form the cornerstone of many breeding plans. In general, no breeding plan could be sustained without genetically addressing and exploring these traits. A recent study indicated that, milk yield per cow per lactation has become...
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The importance of methionine as one of the most-limiting amino acids for milk protein synthesis in dairy cows is well-established. Positive effects of peripartal supplementation of methionine (-21 days through +30 days around parturition) also have been observed in terms of milk production. Recent work has revealed that the benefits of rumen-protected methionine (RPM) during the transition period are not only a function of greater voluntary dry matter intake...
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