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Dairy reproduction and genetics
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Introduction The advent of molecular tools and species-specific reagents over the last two decades has substantially advanced the knowledge of the molecular responses to nutrients in tissues of ruminant animals. Several comprehensive reviews on the topic of lipid regulation of gene expression in ruminants exist [1-3]. The emphasis of the current work was to provide a concise review of the most-recent work evaluating the...
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Reproductive performance has declined over the last several decades in the United States. Reproductive performance is an inter-play between management, environment and cow biological factors. See Figure 1 for a chart summarizing the many factors that influence the cause and effect of pregnancy in dairy cattle. The decline in fertility has been associated with many factors such as milk production and management efficiency associated with increasing herd size,...
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For a variety of reasons estrus detection rates in North American dairy herds based solely on visual observations are usually near the 50 percent range. Most large dairy operations use tail chalk/paint and once daily observation which is usually superior to visual observations but still allows room for improvement with service rates typically in the mid-60 percent range. Low detection rates led to the successful and profitable adoption of systematic timed A.I....
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Farm Animal Genetic Resources of Pakistan are playing a vital role to produce high quality animal protein for 180 million masses. With alarming situation of food security issues globally, Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable country to looming food security crises due to its huge and rapidly growing (2.4%) population. Multiple factors may be held responsible for unsatisfactory food security situation in Pakistan: 1.Currently Pakistan is producing 35...
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Introduction Low fertility in dairy cows is due many factors, and has created an important reduction in the economic benefit in the dairy business. It is clear that high milk production is compromising the duration and intensity in the heat expression (Wiltbank et al., 2006). The implementation of heat synchronization programs and ovulation are necessary to optimize the reproductive efficiency in the herd. (Santos, 2007)....
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Dr Devan Funk, VP Genetics of Accelerated Genetics, speaks about genomics and genetics during the Teknal Dairy Tour. ...
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Introduction The period from three weeks before to three weeks after parturition in dairy cows, also known as the transition period, is characterized by significant changes in hormonal profile, feed intake, nutrient requirements, metabolism, and energy balance. These changes are known to dramatically affect immune function. Consequently, cows are at greaterrisk of health disorders and mortality during early lactation. In the last week of...
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Dr. Ray Nebel, Senior Reproductive Specialist for Select Sires Inc, USA, speaks about the economical impact of the fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in Commercial Dairy Farms at the Proleche Dairy Day in Cordoba, Argentina, July 2013. ...
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Distinguished Professor & L.E. "Red" Larson Professor of the University of Florida, Peter Hansen, was invited to the X International Symposium of Animal Reproduction to speak about Genetic, nutritional and pharmacological approaches to improve fertility during heat stress....
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INTRODUCTION Milk yield of the dairy cows has increased rapidly over the past 40 yeras and, in some European countries more than doubled, due to a combitation of improved genetics, feeding and management, with an overwhelming focus on milk production volumes. Fig. 1 depicts recent (years 2003 to 2008) global trends in yearly milk yield/cow in selected countries/regions. Sweden is leading the European Union (EU) milk yield league with national averages of...
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The period overlapping the end of late gestation and postpartum is the Peripartum / Transition Period, where the animal shifts from a Non-Lactating and Pregnant stage to a Lactating and Non-Pregnant stage. This transition period of a dairy cow comes along with many tags attached. One of these tags is a state of negative energy balance (NEB) which is the most critical with regards to the nutritional / energy demands. The dry matter intake (DMI) of...
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The cost of raising replacement dairy heifers is significant. New studies show how much raising replacements can impact a dairy operation's bottom line. Due to high herd-replacement rates and heifers calving at older ages, many operations need more heifers just to maintain the size of their milking herd. The recently completed analysis of data from the 2010 Ontario Dairy Farm Accounting Project (ODFAP) survey puts the cost of...
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Monitoring of Bun of Mun is a technique that can be used for measuring protein and energy status in cattle from biological samples obtained at strategic times relative to production cycles, feeding changes, and seasonal availability offorage. These indicators should be used as an adiunct to other...
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Poor reproductive performance is one of the most costly and difficult problems for dairy and livestock producers. Even in some well-managed herds, reproductive failure continues to be one of the primary reasons why cows are culled. Depending on the level of milk production in the herd and variable costs associated with poor reproductive management, a dairy producer loses between $1 to $3 per cow each day the cow is open (not pregnant) beyond the 90 days post-calving. Inaccurate or...
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Introduction Reproductive efficiency of the dairy herd is important to the economic success of the dairy operation. One of the most important reproductive technologies implemented by the dairy industry is artificial insemination (AI). Artificial insemination reduces the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases among cattle as well as increases the use of genetically superior sires to improve performance of the herd. ...
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Abstracts Reproductive disorder among farm animals is the great economic problems. To determine the reproductive problems of dairy cattle at Bogra district in Bangladesh were grouped on the basis of genotype, age and parity. A total 1500 data were collected by using individual questionnaire model, compiled SPSS package to obtain result and student t-test for interpretation. Genotype had significant (P< 0.05) effect on...
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1 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1282, Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique (IASP), F-37380 Nouzilly, France 2 Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, La Rabta, Tunis 1006, Tunisia BMC Microbiology 2009, 9 :130 doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-130 The electronic version of this article...
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After graduating from university, I spent a short time managing the family farm. One of the more memorable additions I made to the dairy herd was a heifer named Miranda. She brought with her a special talent-an aversion to being milked. What's more she could hit! She was big, strong and accurate. She was the Mark McGwire of the cow world. And, unlike the famed home run hitter, she didn't need performance-enhancing drugs. Miranda's first swing usually took care of the milker unit and the...
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Take home messages Application of high-throughput technologies (e.g. microarrays, next-generation sequencing) in a systems biology framework to study the interactions of physiological state and nutrition on tissue function in livestock species is a powerful means to gain a holistic view of the underlying biological phenomena. Potential practical applications from applying such an approach in studies of mammary, adipose, and liver of dairy cows are...
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Ray Nebel, Professor of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, speaks about his presentation on physiological aspects of estrus in cattle, its importance in current dairy systems and procedures that help improve the efficient detection and timing of artificial insemination....
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