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Bacterial diseases in poultry
Bacterial diseases comprise approximately half of the non–outbreak-related mortality in broiler breeders and commercial layers. During the first week of a broiler's life, approximately 50% of the mortality may be caused due to bacterial infections. Outbreaks due to bacterial infections may increase the mortality dramatically and in some cases almost eradicate flocks. E. coli and Gram-positive cocci infections are responsible for mortality and production losses in poultry of all age groups and all production systems and may be regarded as multifactorial. Subsequently, efforts in understanding and controlling these infections are highly important. Although necrotic enteritis is primarily a disease affecting young chickens, this infection is of major significance in any production system. Besides increased mortality, the production losses observed in subclinical infections may be dramatic.
Introduction Salmonellosis is a globally distributed foodborne disease significant impact on public health. More than 2500 serotypes of Salmonella have been identified (4) and Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Heidelberg are the most prevalent serotypes (9). Salmonella Typhimurium is the second most common serotype responsible for causing human...
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An independent panel of experts has unified to form the Intestinal Health Scientific Interest Group or IHSIG.
This group has already held several meetings on the topic of necrotic enteritis and dysbiosis. Chairmen of the IHSIG meetings are Prof. Dr. H.M. Hafez (Free University Berlin, Germany) and Prof. Dr. Ir. Filip Van Immerseel (Ghent University, Belgium).
These IHSIG meetings serve as a...
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Introduction
The genus Salmonella spp. is comprised of micro-organisms that are widely spread around the world (Ruiz B et al ., 2006). Approximately 2000 serotypes of Salmonella have been associated with enterocolitis, and Salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica, serovar Typhimurium (ST) and Salmonella enterica, subspecies...
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Introduction
The egg yolk antibodies (IgY) have been successfully applied in the design of diagnostic systems and products for the prevention and treatment of different diseases, both human and veterinary (Chacana et al., 2004, Schade & Chacana, 2007). For example, the IgY technology has been successfully employed in studies for the control of neonatal diarrhea, human dental caries,...
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Part III- Simple strategies to avoid Salmonella outbreaks Salmonella is a pernicious pathogen and eradicating it entirely from the food chain is difficult. Despite our best efforts to eradicate it from the food chain, it can still cause expensive and devastating losses - of productivity and of human life. Yet another case of human salmonellosis has been reported in the US recently,...
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Part II: Antibiotic resistance from farm to fork
When we catch a bug, we visit a doctor and get a dose of something to cure us of it; so why not just blast Salmonella with a dose of antibiotics and let that be the end of it? Simple question: not such a simple answer.
Since they were first discovered in the 1940´s, antibiotics have become the...
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Introduction
For more than two decades, public health authorities throughout the world have reported the transmission of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ( S. Enteritidis) to consumers of contaminated eggs produced by infected hens (Greig & Ravel, 2009). For example, epidemiological calculations in the United States have attributed more than 100,000 annual illnesses to...
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Introduction In Argentina, the egg/egg product industry keeps growing at the rate of 3% per year, while exports are increasing at annual rates of up to 20%. Entre Ríos contributes 21% egg production in the country, and participates with 27% of the eggs that are further processed in Argentina (Irigoyen, 2010). On the other hand, the epidemiological history of Salmonella Enteritidis shows that this...
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Introduction
Pre-slaughter food withdrawal (fasting) is considered an important stage in broiler production, due to the fact that it has an influence in the quality and yield of meat. Such a procedure is performed in order to diminish contamination, because of residue, of the gastrointestinal tract at the slaughter house, avoiding the waste of carcasses, thus, improving production (Duke et...
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Introduction
Argentina is the second largest country in the Neotropics and stands out for its great biodiversity, encompassing five Phyto-geographic Areas and the Tropical, Magellan and Antarctic Oceans (Cabrera, 1976). It has a wide variety of wetlands, such as marine coasts, estuaries, Andean-Patagonian Lakes, pampean lagoons, marshes and estuaries, rivers and streams of plains and saline...
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Introduction
Paratyphoid in farm animals is a major problem worldwide, not only because of the direct economic losses caused by mortality of young birds, which varies according to serotype variety involved, and the health state and maternal immunity of birds, but also, primarily by causing a decrease in weight gain and increased health and prevention costs. On the other hand, feces of infected...
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Introduction
Salmonellosis is a disease produced by the enterobacteria of the Salmonella genus. The serovar specific to birds is Salmonella Gallinarum which has two biotypes: S. gallinarum and S. pullorum, described as etiological agents of fowl typhoid and pullorum disease respectively (Colusi et al. , 1984; Shivaprasad, 2003). Salmonella...
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Introduction
Broilers are reared intensively and with a high concentration of birds, for such reason there is some risk of contamination with paratyphoid serovar of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica that quickly spread in all the birds in the infected batch. The processing of chicken at slaughter plants is also very intensive and a few infected chickens can contaminate the...
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Introduction
Brazil is currently regarded as the largest exporter of broiler meat in the world and ranks third worldwide in production of this meat (Brazilian Union of Poultry Farmers, UBA, 2009) and fifth in egg production (Organization of the United Nations for Food and Agriculture, FAO, 2010).
To preserve the Brazilian poultry industry and its high...
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Introduction
The world's poultry industry has grown considerably during the last years as well as the concern for the safety of the food for human consumption derived from the poultry chain. That is why the production countries create stringent legislations, mainly against the presence of agents with zoonotic potential, as for instance bacteria from the Salmonella genus.
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Introduction
Mycoplasmosis is a disease associated with infections of the respiratory tracts of chickens and turkeys that cause sinusitis, conjunctivitis, ocular discharge, aerosaculitis and arthritis (Fatummb, 1984; Kang et al ., 2002; Osorio et al ., 2007).
The disease is primarily associated to a group of microorganisms named Mycoplasma...
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Introduction
Mycoplasma agents are difficult to isolate; this, in many cases, makes diagnosis and proper characterization impossible (Ricci, 2005). In Venezuela, avian mycoplasmosis is generally diagnosed by means of serological methods and, eventually, by PCR, performed in foreign laboratories (Godoy, 1999) . Isolation and genomic characterization in flocks of poultry can be used...
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Introduction
Currently, Brazil occupies a prominent place in the production of broiler chicken and is the third largest producer and the largest exporter of chicken in the world. To achieve this position, it took great efforts to increase productivity and biosecurity on farms, with the aim of satisfying the quality required by both the internal and external markets. Thus, the control of...
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Introduction Transmission of APEC (Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli ) strains through contamination of incubable eggs or embryo infection has been described (Barnes et to the ., 2003). It can happen that, although few chicken are already infected at hatching, the dissemination of the strains takes place through horizontal transmission at the time of hatching, thus infecting a large numbers of chicken from...
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Introduction Faced to the problem of the presence of Salmonella sp. in eggs and its importance in public health, it is necessary to implement effective control measures. Aimed at ensuring the safety of foodstuffs for human consumption (Berchiere, 2000). In this context, we stress the importance of seeking new technologies that bear rapid results with high sensitivity and at low cost for the detection of this...
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