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Bacterial diseases in poultry
Bacterial diseases comprise approximately half of the non–outbreak-related mortality in broiler breeders and commercial layers. During the first week of a broiler's life, approximately 50% of the mortality may be caused due to bacterial infections. Outbreaks due to bacterial infections may increase the mortality dramatically and in some cases almost eradicate flocks. E. coli and Gram-positive cocci infections are responsible for mortality and production losses in poultry of all age groups and all production systems and may be regarded as multifactorial. Subsequently, efforts in understanding and controlling these infections are highly important. Although necrotic enteritis is primarily a disease affecting young chickens, this infection is of major significance in any production system. Besides increased mortality, the production losses observed in subclinical infections may be dramatic.
Introduction
Epidemiologic studies regarding the etiology of avian cellulitis, have shown that Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) is the main organism found in this pathology (Fallavena, 2000). E. coli has some genes responsible for its pathogenicity, including the iut A and iss genes (Brito et al ., 2003). Besides, several authors state that this...
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Introduction Salmonella have been recognized as leading bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis in the United States. In 2009, The Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Emerging Infections Program (2010) that conducts active, population-based surveillance in 10 U.S. states reported 7,039 cases of Salmonella human foodborne illness....
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Speculation over the Provisional Ruling on Anti-dumping Duties of Lysine by the EU Against China
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The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates, each year, about 9.4 million people get sick from contaminated food. A new test may detect Salmonella infection in an early stage, allowing prompt action.
The USDA reports the leading cause of bacterial-related food illness in the U.S. is salmonella. About one million Americans get sick from salmonella annually, more than 19,000 are hospitalized and more than 370...
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Broiler integrators around the globe are facing a similar problem - a specific growth retardation around 3-4 th week of age of broiler. This problem occurs so frequently that it is no longer considered as a disease or abnormal phenomena and is often neglected. In some cases it is treated with antibiotics and generally with whatever is readily available. In other cases ordinary acids or herbal products are used. This growth problem is caused by...
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Optimizing performance in broilers with low crude protein diets
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David Burch from Octagon Services Ltd, UK talks to Engormix.com about his presentation of Revision of the antibiotic activity about Mycoplasma spp and its use in the prevention of vertical transmision in small breeders at the XXI Congreso Latinoamericano Cuba 2009. ...
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New federal regulations require most egg producers to take steps to prevent the spread of Salmonella enteritidis, reports the American Veterinary Medical Association. The FDA rules affect the purchase of chicks and young hens, sanitation in production facilities, testing for the bacteria, and storage of eggs at farms with at least 3,000 laying hens. An FDA announcement states the rules are expected to reduce the number of S enteritidis infections by 60%, preventing about 79,000 cases of...
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America's egg farmers are committed to working with the Food and Drug Administration to ensure the egg safety regulations are implemented and the gains in food safety are maintained.
"Egg farmers have practiced the requirements of the new regulations for many years now and have achieved significant success in food safety for our customers," said Gene Gregory, president of United Egg Producers.
As a result of the industry's proactive efforts, consumers have...
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Researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health found evidence that houseflies collected near broiler poultry operations may contribute to the dispersion of drug-resistant bacteria and thus increase the potential for human exposure to drug-resistant bacteria. The findings demonstrate another potential link between industrial food animal production and exposures to antibiotic resistant pathogens. Previous studies have linked antibiotic use in poultry...
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Bacteria are microscopic living organisms. All bacteria are not detrimental to animal health. In fact, many bacteria are beneficial and necessary for such processes as food digestion, manufacturing of some dairy products, etc. Classification of bacteria into species is done so disease producing organisms may be separated from those that are harmless or beneficial.
Successful control of bacterial diseases entails isolating and identifying disease-producing species, if present, and...
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The data in Figure 1 indicate that there has been a continued steady increase in outbreaks of Mycoplasma in Arkansas poultry in the last few years. In fact, if the trend continues, there will be a record number in Arkansas during 2000. The purpose of this article is to discuss symptoms and effects of the disease in poultry, help poultry producers better recognize the disease and prevent the spread of mycoplasmas to other poultry flocks. ...
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Mycoplasmosis is a contagious disease in game birds and poultry caused by a bacteria-like organism. The specific Mycoplasmas of concern to backyard flocks include Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). These organisms have the ability to infect many different avian species including chickens, turkeys, quail, pheasant, and even certain wild birds. Just one infected bird brought onto the premises could potentially infect certain other types of...
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Two studies, which were conducted to study the effect of pre-slaughter events on the overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. in turkeys, demonstrate that preslaughter practices (feed withdrawal, catching, loading, transportation, and holding) do not significantly affect the prevalence of Salmonella in market-age turkeys. This contrasts with the increase in Salmonella prevalence reported for hogs and broilers. ...
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Feed borne antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) have been fed to livestock in the US and other countries for about 50 years to improve growth performance. Early indications of improved performance in poultry were reported by Moore et al. (1946). However, most of the AGP labels list no specific claims to control disease. Debate over the generation of antibiotic resistance among bacteria such as Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Salmonella has generated the...
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Red mites could be a potential source of salmonella transmission between birds and flocks, according to one biosecurity expert. "While it is well known that mites can transmit diseases such as fowl cholera, fowl typhoid and the chicken pox virus the fact they feed by sucking blood means they can also theoretically transmit salmonella through contaminated blood," explained Kiotechagil's Mike Rogers. Mites, both the red mite and the northern fowl mite have long been...
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Innovative Directions in Aflatoxin Testing Point to Measureable Gains in Quality Of Lab Data
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The small intestine employs the bird’s own enzymes to effect digestion then rapidly captures resulting nutrients at its expansive surface. Small intestinal recovery is heavily dependent on convection driven by motility to minimize microbial use. Conversely, the large intestine subsequently employs an extensive symbiotic microbial population to finalize nutrient recovery before voiding waste. Motility in the large intestine is largely involved in segregating fiber sensitive to...
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The effects of Escherichia coli, hen age, and dietary Bio-Mos and Flavomycin were studied to determine their influence on poult performance from 1 to 21 days. Day-of-hatch male turkey poults (British United Turkeys) were orally gavaged (1 ml) with 10 8 CFU/ml E. coli or sterile carrier broth. Within each E. coli treatment group, poults from two different hen ages (33 and 58 weeks of age) were fed diets containing Bio-Mos (2 lb/ton feed) and Flavomycin (2 g active ingredient/ton feed),...
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In a recent survey, it was estimated that the cost of subclinical necrotic enteritis was as high as $0.05 per bird (Van der Sluis, 2000). Using these estimates and 1999 estimates on world broiler meat production, the cost of necrotic enteritis to the poultry industry globally is nearly $2 billion (Anonymous, 2000). Both clinical and subclinical necrotic enteritis is common in all poultry growing areas of the world (Van der Sluis, 2000). The disease was first described by Parish (1961) and...
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Issues concerning vaccine safety are likely to come to the fore as egg producers face increasingly stringent sampling for salmonella following the EU zoonoses directive.
While findings of salmonella in UK commercial layer flocks have been the lowest among EU countries with large poultry populations, some eight per cent still tested positive for Salmonella enteritidis and typhyimurium, the salmonella serotypes most commonly associated with food poisoning in humans.
“Put into perspective,...
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Speculation over the Provisional Ruling on Anti-dumping Duties of Lysine by the EU Against China
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The Health Protection Agency and the Veterinary Laboratories Agency are today hosting a conference to discuss the results of an EU-wide survey of salmonella in laying flocks.
Technical experts from the HPA, VLA, Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra), Food Standards Agency, European Commission and the British Egg Industry Council will attend the meeting at the Centre for Infections in north London.
They will discuss the initial results of the European Food Safety...
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Warnex Inc. announced that its Salmonella test used with the Warnex TM Rapid Pathogen Detection System has been approved by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP). The objective of the National Poultry Improvement Plan is to provide a cooperative industry-state-federal program through which new technology can be effectively applied to the improvement of poultry and poultry products. The plan consists of a variety of programs...
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