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Poultry management
Poultry management usually refers to the husbandry practices or production techniques that help to maximize the efficiency of production. Sound management practices are very essential to optimize production. Scientific poultry management aims at maximizing returns with minimum investment. A carefully controlled environment that avoids crowding, chilling, overheating, or frightening is almost universal in poultry farming. Cannibalism, which expresses itself as toe picking, feather picking, and tail picking, is controlled by debeaking at one day of age and by other management practices. The feeding, watering, egg gathering, and cleaning operations are highly mechanized. Birds are usually housed in wire cages with two or three animals per cage, depending on the species and breed, and three or four tiers of cages superposed to save space. Cages for egg-laying birds have been found to increase production, lower mortality, reduce cannibalism, lower feeding requirements, reduce diseases and parasites, improve culling, and reduce both space and labour requirements.
I. Introduction Early life experiences play an important role in the behavioural development of laying hens (Janczak and Riber 2015; Nicol 2015). Environmental differences in rearing systems have been shown to have an impact on behavioural problems such as feather pecking and cannibalism during adulthood (de Haas et al. 2014; Riber and Guzman 2017). In addition, fearfulness early in life has been shown to correspond to increased stress response in adulthood (de Haas et al. 2012). A...
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I. Introduction In Australia, 95% of the population are concerned about animal welfare with 91% desiring better ways to monitor and improve animal welfare (National pest & disease outbreaks, 2018). There is increased understanding and focus on animals’ sentience and the need to ensure farm animals have ‘lives worth living’. This applies to the Australian egg industry where research shows the community believes that hens are entitled to positive and rewarding...
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APIs and Vitamin MARKET - The weak demand for the APIs
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Introduction Brazilian agriculture is concentrated in the tropical and subtropical zone, where soils are highly weathered and chemically infertile, demanding amelioration by liming and high amounts of plant nutrient inputs (Cantarella et al., 1998). In Brazil, soybean is the main crop both in scale and in value, covering ~38 M ha with an average yield of 3.5 t ha−1 (Cattelan and Dall'Agnol, 2017; EMBRAPA, 2022). Annually, about 1.2 M t of P are required to produce...
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1. Introduction In resource-limited settings, there is a high usage of antibiotics in food-producing animals for preventive, metaphylactic, therapeutic, and growth promoters, especially with the modernization and commercialization of the poultry industry [1–3]. The misuse of antibiotics has been regarded as a major driver of antimicrobial resistance [4]. In addition, it poses a risk of zoonotic transmission as humans may acquire antibiotic-resistant bacteria from animals,...
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• As Biomass for generating Electricity
• As fertilizer for crop production
• Biogas production
• Compost improvement
• Feed in fish ponds
A substantial proportion of the litter or manure is estimated to be disposed of by...
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1. Introduction Despite improvements in broiler performance through genetics, nutrition, and management, there is still a gap between the potential and the performance achieved(1). Chicken meat production is typically based on company guidelines and producer experience. However, the development of new technologies in the last decade has supported objective decision making in poultry farms(2). In addition, epidemiological studies using an integrated approach to identify the...
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A fast-growing broiler produces a surprising amount of heat, roughly 10 - 15 Btu/hr per pound of body weight. To put this in perspective, a single match produces one Btu/hr of heat which means that a four-pound broiler has essentially 40 to 60 matches of heat being produced within it. An eight-pound broiler would have 80 to 120 matches of heat within it, heat it must continually rid itself of in order to maintain a normal body temperature. As a bird’s body temperature increases,...
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It is not uncommon to see weeds sprout after applying broiler litter to a field. As a result, it seems logical to conclude that there are weed seeds in the broiler litter. But, is this true? Poultry litter is not like cattle manure or the droppings from wild or backyard birds. Ruminant manure can contain seeds that pass through the...
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Best Practices for Sustainable Waste Management and Environmental Solutions
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Managing by the “average” of anything can be a potentially dangerous concept when it comes to growing birds. For instance, when tunnel ventilating market-age broilers the average house temperature could be 80°F, which isn’t necessarily a problem, but it hides the fact that it could be 70°F at the pad end and 90°F at the fan end of the house which definitely would be dangerous. During cold weather, an average daily relative humidity of 60% seems ideal, but in...
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When it comes to predicting the likelihood that birds will experience heat stress conditions on a given day, knowing outside relative humidity first thing in the morning is not particularly useful. Though air moisture levels have significant impact on bird comfort, relative humidity is constantly changing over the course of a day. In the morning relative humidity will tend to be between 80 and 100%. In the afternoon, as temperatures rise and the moistureholding ability of air increases, the...
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The air speed in a tunnel-ventilated house is determined simply by dividing a house’s tunnel fan capacity by the cross-sectional area of the house: Air speed = Tunnel fan capacity (cubic feet per min) Cross-sectional area (square feet) To increase air speed, either tunnel fan capacity needs to be increased or the house’s cross-sectional area decreased. Air speed is...
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Jonathan Cade, President of Hy-Line International, talks about the current trends and challenges in poultry production and how the Hy-Line team supports egg production worldwide...
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1. Introduction Observational, technical, and analytical skills are necessary for veterinary physicians [1,2]. For professional praxis, for instance, observation as well as pattern recognition skills within the environment are important for detecting and treating relevant diseases and conditions [3,4]. Moreover, these skills are relevant as the environment, along with demographic factors, influences animal health [5]. Recognizing patterns in nature is crucial for proposing novel...
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In cage-free housing, multi-tiered aviary structures are often used (pictured above), where key resources (i.e., feed, water, nests, perches) are available on elevated platforms called tiers, and litter substrate is available on the ground floor for dustbathing and foraging. Hens move vertically and horizontally...
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Optimizing performance in broilers with low crude protein diets
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Bio-security is the cheapest, most effective means of disease prevention and control available. Proper bio-security will help to ensure the overall health and welfare of your flock. ...
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Unlike many aspects of operating a tunnel-ventilated house during hot weather, the performance of an evaporative cooling pad system is relatively predictable. This is because there are well defined relationships between the cooling produced by a pad system and water usage, pad area, outside temperature/humidity, and water temperature. Since most evaporative cooling pads are essentially identical and the summertime conditions are fairly similar across most poultry growing areas of the U.S.,...
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There are essentially two types of poultry house circulation fan systems: vertical and horizontal. In a vertical circulation fan system, fans are located in the center of the house, typically near the ceiling, and are oriented to blow straight down towards the floor. The air then moves across the floor, up the side walls, and back...
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Preventing injury to a chicken’s foot pads (paws) is very important for a number of reasons. First, chicken paws are a valuable product, a delicacy in some cultures, and often sell for as much as two to three times as breast meat on a per-pound basis. Secondly, foot pad lesions can become infected, resulting in leg problems and a decrease in overall bird performance. Last but not least, a chicken’s feet are a good indicator of litter quality. Numerous studies have documented the...
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APIs and Vitamin MARKET - The weak demand for the APIs
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A properly designed circulation fan system can provide a grower with a variety of benefits. During cold weather, circulation fans can transfer hot air collecting near the ceiling to bird level, increasing floor temperatures and decreasing heating costs. Circulation fans can also help move warm air from the center of a house towards the cooler...
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Negative pressure ventilation is the most popular method of ventilating poultry houses during cold weather due to it’s simplicity and relatively low initial and operating costs. Exhaust fans create a low-pressure zone within a house and give a producer precise control over the amount of fresh air brought into a house. Air inlets uniformly distribute fresh air drawn in by the exhaust fans throughout the house and direct it along the ceiling, where the hot air (produced by the...
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