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Poultry gut health
The efficient conversion of feed into its basic components for optimal nutrient absorption is vital for both broiler and broiler breeder production and welfare. Gut health, an intricate and complex area combining nutrition, microbiology, immunology and physiology, has a key role to play. When gut health is compromised, digestion and nutrient absorption are affected which, in turn, can have a detrimental effect on feed conversion leading to economic loss and a greater susceptibility to disease. In addition, recent changes in legislation on the use of antimicrobials, differing feed requirements and more efficient birds highlight the need for a better understanding of gut function and gut health.
Introduction In North America, there has been a tremendous body of research in recent years to find the ideal product or program to replace or reduce the use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry production. This is driven by the legislation in the EU and the pressure the health-care system has placed on the use of sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics for growth promotion. There have been many arguments made regarding...
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Introduction The content of the intestine is rich in chemicals and microorganisms. This complex ‘soup’ is an external milieu, separated from the body’s internal milieu by only a single layer of epithelial cells for most of the length of the gastrointestinal tract, the oesophagus alone having a multilayered epithelial barrier. The human small intestine presents a surface membrane area of ~60 m 2 ...
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Histology is the normal microscopic anatomy of organs and tissues. Histopathology is microscopic pathology, involving altered structure, composition and function of organs and tissues. Pathologists identify organ and tissue abnormalities at the macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular levels in order to diagnose disease and define the mechanism by which disease may be occurring (pathogenesis).
Many diseases of poultry...
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1 Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America, 2 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America Citation: Jiang Z, Applegate TJ, Lossie AC (2013) Cloning, Annotation and Developmental Expression of the Chicken Intestinal MUC2 Gene. PLoS ONE...
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Dietary Thr may be particularly important to the mucus layer because of the importance that Thr has as a structural component of mucin proteins. Threonine and serine (Ser) play crucial roles linking carbohydrate groups through ester linkages to the mucin backbone (Montagne et al. 2004). Lein et al. (1997) reported that Thr and Ser represented approximately 40% of the total endogenous AA losses in pigs fed protein-free diets, with mucin being the major source of AA excretion....
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A study was conducted to evaluate effect of high levels of corn DDGS and rye on growth performance and gut health of broilers as influenced by a nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) degrading enzymes blend (CIBENZA ® CSM, Novus International, Inc.). The study consisted of 8 treatments: corn soy control, 30% DDGS, 16% corn bran, 38% rye, 38% rye plus enzyme, 25% rye, 25% rye 30% DDGS, and 25% rye 30% DDGS plus enzyme. Corn bran...
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One battery study was conducted to evaluate effect of a synthetic 1:1 thymol carvacrol blend (NEXT ENHANCE® 150) on growth performance and gut health of broilers fed rye wheat based diet and challenged with mixed species of Eimeria on day 0. A rye wheat and soybean meal based diet was formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements of broilers. To this basal diet, the essential oil blend was added at 0, 30, 60, or 120...
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Enteric health and nutrition are intimately related. Poor enteric health can adversely affect food digestion, gut motility, and nutrient absorption by several means. Likewise, poor nutrition and feed quality can either increase a bird's susceptibility to enteric disorders or directly cause them. Often it is difficult to discern the true cause of enteric disorders in poultry, whether it is pathogenic or nutritional in origin. My objective is to present general information on...
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Introduction The amino acid glutamine (Gln) is traditionally considered as a non-essential amino acid. However, several researches has shown that Gln may be a conditionally essential amino acid in maintaining gut integrity and reducing inflammation [1-5]. Glutamine-enriched diets have been linked with favorable intestinal effects including maintenance of gut barrier function and enterocyte differentiation [6]. Glutamine has also been the focus of...
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Introduction The impact of gastrointestinal disease ranges from erosive to catastrophic, and considerable time, effort and financial resources are devoted to limiting the risk and consequence of disease challenge. Intense breeding and selection programmes have provided birds with the genetic potential to perform in the face of disease challenge, while good biosecurity has reduced the risk and consequence of infectious disease. At the...
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Necrotic enteritis (NE) in broilers – caused by Clostridium perfringens – is largely controlled by in-feed antibiotics in Australia. Alternatives to antibiotics are being sought by industry and must be tested under simulated outbreak conditions. An existing NE challenge model employed at UNE has demonstrated differences between NE intestinal lesion score between unmedicated challenged and unchallenged controls. However, up to 20% NE-related mortality was routinely...
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Introduction Poor gut health in broiler chickens is a generalized term that means different things to different people. Problems associated with shifts of intestinal bacterial populations (i.e. dysbacteriosis) gained notoriety as a key production issue with the removal of antibiotic growth promoters in the European Union (Wilson et al, 2005). However, it remains a common challenge in any production environment where chickens are produced on...
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I. INTRODUCTION Sorghum has a relatively high starch gelatinisation temperature and for this reason sorghum- based broiler diets are often steam-pelleted at high conditioning temperatures to achieve acceptable pellet integrity. While compacted, pelleted diets offer a physical feed form advantage over mash diets as they facilitate prehension and increase feed intakes (Jensen et al., 1962), high conditioning temperatures may have adverse effects on...
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Introduction
Poor gut health in broiler chickens is a generalized term that means different things to different people (Truscott & Al-Sheikhly, 1977; Tierlynck et al ., 2009). Problems associated with shifts of intestinal bacterial populations (i.e. dysbacteriosis) gained notoriety as a key production issue with the removal of antibiotic growth promoters in the European Union (Hoerr, 1998; Lee, 2002). However, it...
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Effects of Dietary Protein and Balanced Amino Acid Levels on Birds Under Sub-Clinical Necrotic Enteritis Challenge
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Introduction Antibiotics have been used for decades in broiler chicken production for their gut microflora regulation effect, resulting in growth promotion. Governments and consumers are more and more aware of damageable consequences of in routine use of antibiotics and as a consequence, there is a growing need for farmers to find alternatives without loosing profitability. In this context, a patented activated clay, commercially named B-Safe, was...
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Traditionally, our interaction with bacteria has been viewed in terms of disease, although most bacteria are however either benign or beneficial. Evidence has been gathering about the fundamental role bacteria play in the development of the immune system, and the general health of animals. Indeed, humans are estimated to carry 10 times as many bacterial cells as human cells; so we are really a super-organism, more bacterial than human.
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The human population is projected to grow to 9-10 billion by the year 2050. As a consequence of the population explosion, food animal production must confront a new array of challenges. Among these are global food security, climate change, emerging infectious diseases, regulatory ban of antimicrobials, high-density production conditions, and waste management. In order to assure continuity in the supply of poultry food products, effective control measures against...
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The gut microflora is part of the digestive system and influences FCR and the economic performance of broilers. It is, therefore, very important to investigate its composition to better understand if and how we may positively influence it. According to different authors, we only know 10-25% of total poultry gut microflora. Indeed all micro-organisms have not yet been identified by conventional methods. Thus, not neglecting traditional...
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INTRODUCTION
The biggest challenge of commercial poultry production is the availability of good quality feed on sustainable basis at stable prices. In spite of this challenge, commercial poultry production ranks among the highest source of animal protein (Iyayi, 2008). The increase in the size of the poultry industry has been faster than other food-producing animal industries. The trade volume of poultry products has also increased...
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