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Hatching - Incubation
Hatching of eggs refers to the production of baby chicks. In early days eggs were hatched by placing them under broody hens. Desi hens proved to be ideal for this purpose. Only 10 to 12 eggs can be put under 1 hen. This method of hatching is highly unsatisfactory for large-scale production of baby chicks. Incubators, which provide similar environment as that of broody hens, but more efficiently, are used at present for hatching of eggs. The incubation period for chicken eggs is 20 to 21 days, and increases up to 30 days for other poultry. After sitting for some days, a broody hen can be given some newly hatched chicks and, if they are accepted, the original eggs can be removed and replaced with more chicks. Thus hens with a better record of mothering can be better utilised for their abilities. Eggs initially need a very controlled heat input to maintain the optimum temperature of 38°C, because the embryo is microscopic in size.
M. Boerjan from Pas Reform Hatchery Technology discusses some ideas about new incubation methods and about the circadian rhythm in the embryo. ...
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Brooding is generally the first 10-14 days in the house when the chicks are "started". Special house and feed conditions are used in this period to ensure that the chicks have an environment suited to their special temperature, management and nutrition needs. The early brooding period is the first 4 days after hatch. Since the chick is not fully developed at hatch, conditions during this time determine the...
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Supplemental Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 modulates intestinal structure, microbial composition and improve the performance in broiler chickens
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Introduction
Day-old chick quality is an indicator of future broiler performance. In order to enhance the prediction power of chick quality it would better to define as a combination of several qualitative parameters at hatch, and 7-day growth (Tona et al ., 2003a). Some measurements done in day-old chicks include body weight and body length. Considering that 7-day weight is a good...
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Brooding management during the first days after hatch influences the final field performance of the flock. The influence of genetic selection on this key period will be discussed. Development of organs crucial organs during this period will be discussed....
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Introduction Hatching time is characterized by a series of physiological events, such as the maturation of the gastrointestinal tract (physical and functional growth due to increased villi length, enterocyte polarization, and enzyme activities) and development of the immune system (maturation of primary and secondary lymphoid organs, establishment of passive immunity) (Willemsen et al ., 2010). The...
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Introduction Automation helps various areas of human knowledge to convert daily routines performed manually into automatic routines which, in general, are faster and safer (Bezerra, 2007). In many companies the selection of the egg is still done manually and in very unsanitary conditions for those who perform it. In addition, at the sites involved in these processes the information is collected and stored in vague or...
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HatchTech Incubation Technology has put a lot of efforts in research on the relation between chick length at day 0 and the chick weight at day 7. Results showed a positive relation between chick length at day 0 and chick weight at day 7. A longer chick at day 0, has a higher development and growth potential than a shorter chick. A longer chick has probably on day 7 also better developed organs than a shorter chick. To investigate this, a trail...
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A recent study at The University of Sydney, funded by the Poultry CRC examined how temperature and humidity during egg incubation can affect the long-term leg strength of fast growing meat chickens (broilers). The study examined the impact from two differing sets of incubation conditions on early growth rate, bone composition and leg weakness measurements in a pure line broiler breed, with initial findings showing that there were, indeed, measurable...
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Measuring chick quality has been a difficult issue since the beginning of the poultry industry. There have been many attempts over the decades to evaluate chick quality in the hatchery to predict future performance in the broiler house. One can examine chicks in the hatchery and enumerate conditions such as the incidences of red hocks, open navels, string navels, and other abnormalities. In most circumstances, the percentage of these obviously poor quality chicks is so low that it is difficult...
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Marleen Boerjan ( Pas Reform Hatchery Technologies) gave a lecture at Poultry Focus Asia 2010 and talked about Placing chick quality at the heart of the business. ...
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Pas Reform has signed an exclusive Agreement to incorporate Microban ® , the world's leading antimicrobial product protection system, into Smart hatchery technologies.
The new Agreement, signed this month, will initially see Microban ® technology incorporated into Pas Reform's patented hatcher baskets, reducing the risk of cross contamination from food poisoning bacteria by up to 99.9%.
Pas Reform has always placed great emphasis...
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In all avian species, as well as in other animals in the animal kingdom, increasing age has an adverse effect on reproductive success. The age related decrease in reproduction in the commercial fowl is due, in part, to a decline in egg production, fertility and hatch of fertile. This decline in egg production begins to occur once hens reach their peak in egg production. However, the precise factors that influence and cause the age related decline in reproduction are poorly...
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Summary We previously found that only 66% of hens in cages with a nest box became ‘consistent’ nest-box layers, that is laying at least 80% of their eggs in the nest box. To begin to understand how social factors might limit nest box use in ‘modern’ cages, we housed birds either singly or in groups of eight and recorded the incidence of nest box and floor eggs. The proportion of nest box eggs was...
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A common management tool in the handling of hatching eggs is treatment of the eggs with a fumigant or other type of disinfectant to reduce the number of microorganisms on the shell surface. In addition, sanitation of the hatchery building, hatchery equipment, egg transportation equipment, etc., is critical to good hatchability and high quality hatchlings.
Penetration of the hatching egg shell by microorganisms results in embryonic mortality, weak chicks, high chick mortality, and poor...
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Where Does Microbial Contamination Come From? Bacteria and mold which can affect hatching eggs are found everywhere in the environment - in soil, in manure, and even on the dust particles in the air. The most common way hatching eggs become contaminated is by allowing fresh eggs to lay in dirty nests or on the floor and slats.
How Does Microbial Contamination Affect the Eggs and Chicks? When a large number of bacteria get onto the...
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Baby chicks are really quite easy to raise. With a few pieces of equipment and a small place to put them, success in brooding and rearing is virtually assured. During this period of the bird's life, the most important needs are for warmth, protection, feed, and water. When growing chicks of any species-chickens, turkeys, pheasants, or almost any other production bird-each of these aspects must be considered.
Natural vs. artificial brooding ...
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Automation of hatching egg collection in breeder houses is often seen as a big investment. However, the investment should be judged not solely on operational costs in the breeder house but also in terms of improved results in the hatchery such as higher hatchability and chick numbers resulting in improved utilisation of hatching eggs. Top quality hatching eggs are essential for high hatchability and thus investment in the quality of eggs produced in the breeder house is sound economic...
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The following can be used as a guide in determining whether eggs are fertile, infertile, or if early embryonic death has occurred. In using this guide remember that the descriptions and diagrams are of 'typical" infertile germinal discs, and fertile and early dead embryos. However, their appearance may vary from egg to egg, and may not look exactly as shown and described. It will take some practice and experience to become comfortable with distinguishing between infertile and fertile eggs....
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Supplemental Bacillus subtilis DSM 32315 modulates intestinal structure, microbial composition and improve the performance in broiler chickens
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Petersime has long recognised the importance of its distributors as a driving force behind the company's success. Always ready to share knowledge and best practices, Petersime recently organised two distributor seminars in Bangkok (Thailand) and Ghent (Belgium).
Petersime has been active in Asia/Pacific for over 30 years, with a vast network of distributors in nearly every country in the region. To support its partners in this part of the world, the company organised a seminar in...
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Pas Reform has appointed Mr. McGregor Lochhead of Sonoma Enterprises Ltd. to develop markets in New Zealand and the Pacific Islands for its modular, single-stage Smart incubation system.
Mr. Lochhead is well known in New Zealand's poultry sector. Following six years with ANZ Banking Group in Trade Finance and FX (Foreign Exchange products), he took over the running of Sonoma Enterprises - a leading local provider of agricultural equipment and consultancy - from his father in...
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