Fowl Typhoid in Laying Hens: Description of the disease and Protection Conferred by a Live Salmonella Enteritidis Vaccine

In my opinion following could be the line of action for possible disease protection in above case: 1- Prepare the house well i.e clean, disinfect, eliminate farm pests including rats and mice and try to make it a bug free environment for the baby chicks. 2- Start with the chicks from Salmonella free parents, well hatched in salmonella free hatcheries--all tests are possible. 3- Feed, water and farm environment should be as per bio-safety rules. 4- Strict farm bio security should not be compromised. 5- Application of vaccines are recommended in endemic areas. 6- Use of antibiotics is not the best option because of a lot of human heath (drug residues) and antibiotic resistance concerns for all. As an example where ever Gentamicin is used indiscriminately it stops giving desirable results after some time at the same premises. Furthermore injecting individually for large sized modern farm houses are not very practical. 7-

It is better to shift from using Antibiotics to herbal immune systems which are safe universally.

Thanks all for guiding to treat Fowl typhoid.so informative comments to increase my knowledge about this disease.

In addition to the above measures, acidification of drinking water and feed supplemented with probiotics and or yeast metabolites from day one is helpful in ensuring effective competitive exclusion. In East Africa region, most farmers practice multi age rearing in at times wooden storey structures. This compromises thorough cleaning and disinfection. With optimization of cleaning and disinfection supported with these non antibiotic gut modifiers, considerable control is accorded to allow for vaccination at 6th - 8th week. Antibiotic use leads to establishment of carrier state. Coupled with incorrect dosage antibiotic resistance is an eminent threat as seen in many local studies. Routine analysis of drinking water is recommended to avoid spread through contaminated drinking water. Some farmers use shallow wells which are prone to contamination by the neighbouring pit latrines and open sewer systems. Thank you. Regards, Dr. Odede R.O. Technical Director, Sidai Africa Limited.

Dear Dr.Horacio Raul Terzolo. Thank you for your comment .In India there are lot of herbals available for the above .If you consult any Aurvedic medicine Doctors they can explain in detail.If you insist we will try the suppliers. with regards S S R Ayyangar.

Dear Dr. Ayyangar, thank you very much for your information! Best regards, Dr. Horacio Raúl Terzolo

Hello Dr. Horacio, would kindly share the contacts of the manufacturers of the day old oral SE vaccine? How cross protective is the vaccine? How long is the immunity? Thank you. Regards, Dr. Odede R.O.

Thanks for all guiding to treat and protect fowl typhoid.

Due to questions I have received by e-mail I would like to make an important clarification. This article only refers to the vaccine protection afforded against Fowl Typhoid ( Salmonella Gallinarum and not against Salmonella Enteritidis Paratyphoid. Herein we are exclusively refering to 3 month cross-protection accomplished by Salmonella Enteritidis drift mutant (AviPro® Salmonella Vac E) against Salmonella Gallinarum challenges. The protection afforded by the comercial vaccine AviPro® Salmonella Vac E against Paratyphoid infections develops within 14 days after vaccination and immunity remains for 6 to 8 weeks following a single dose and for 60 weeks following of the same 3 dose programme, which it is described in this article. During this whole period, immune competent chickens that have been challenged with S. Enteritidis fage-type 4 have reduced mortality, colonisation, invasion and faecal excretion, as compared with non-vaccinated brothers chickens. Dr. Horacio Raúl Terzolo

now there is exacerbation of low pathogenic avian influenza. even vaccination against nd results in exacerbation of lpai[nd lasota vaccination] consequent to improper vvnd vaccination lpai is endemic in india. lpai is exa cerbated bynd/ib/oryza/other bacterial and viral agents. no proper salmonella control programme is implemented in commercial layers o broilers.routine labs can not identify salmonella of human significance such as salmonella typhi. there is only one lab in india - central research lab kasuli. post vaccinal efficasy against salmonellosis can not be examined in routine diagnostic labs.first we have to control lpai and other diseases endemic in india venugopalan 9-4-16

In spite several requests and advice the commercial poultry layer and broiler farmers, are not able to maintain strict vaccination programs and procedures. Before onset of summer they should ensure proper serlogical serlogical protections. Nutritionally also many are not in a position to make it optimum. No properly equipped labs and knowledgeable technicians available in near by production centers. Unfortunately the farm keepers are realizing the importance of such labs and services in India.So the awareness should come either to control Salmonellosis or any other problem.

Its a good observation that needs in dept investigation. Other countries may be facing same problem

Dears Dr.R.S.Rao and Venugopalan from India and Wander Luka from Nigeria, I can understand the difficulty about preventing Fowl Typhoid and Paratyphoid infections in India because of the active presence of Newcastle Disease and low pathogenic Avian Influenza virus, diseases that depress the immune system interfering the expected protection of Salmonella vaccines. I think that a proper salmonella control programme should be implemented in India and Nigeria in commercial layers if S. Enteritidis or S. Typhimurium is a human prevalent salmonellosis transmitted through eggs, looking for human isolation or identification of Salmonella records. Regarding broilers the epidemiological situation is more complex with different serovars simultaneously acting and usually good cooking practices may be the best way to prevent most food transmitted diseases. Normally chicken meat is cooked whereas eggs sometimes may be eaten raw. Regarding diagnosis of Fowl Typhoid the good news is that bacteriological diagnosis of S. Gallinarum (biovars gallinarum/pullorum) is simpler to perform as compared to the other paratyphoid Salmonella. S. Gallinarum grows as very small colonies, completely different from the bigger colonies of all other paratyphoid salmonellas, and very easy to recognised by any bacteriologist due to faintly SH2 production and complete lack of motility into semisolid media (SIM agar, for instance). Therefore any small lab may quickly 24 hs diagnosis this disease with very few tests and later on sends the strains to a more complex central lab (i.e. Central Research Lab Kasuli). It is important a good communication of the acting vet or farmer with the small lab to guide a quick diagnosis. May be the development of very small labs depending on a central lab may be the solution. Sometimes the main problem is to go back to the standard bacteriology and make things as simple as possible to for obtaining presumptive wise diagnosis. Best regards, Dr. Horacio Raúl Terzolo

Apart from using salmonella vaccine, stringent biosecurity and use of QST 713 strain of Bacillus subtilis plays a vital role in salmonella control program.Biosecurity measures like periodic spray of potassium monopersulphate combinations complements vaccination program. Avoid using glutaraldehyde containing formulations on birds. Use of QST 713 strain of Bacillus subtilis provides cidal effect on salmonella strains inside GUT and will also reduce dependability on antibiotic growth promoters.Overall Salmobellosis can be controlled by comprehensive approach of vaccination, biosecurity, probiotics in feed in regular basis.

To control the LPAI Bio Security should be of prime importance, Vaccination and management must be seriously followed. Feed supplement specially Esterified Butyrine (EB) in daily ration has major role in prevention of Salmonella and Ecoli. EB with trieaster has very strong antimicrobial activitythroughout the digestive system up to caeca. EB strenghtens the tight Juntion, there by increasing barier for pathogen. EB is the direct energy source to epithelial cells EB has Anti Inflamatory action EB helps increase good bacteria in thhe system Very important during the Heat Stress when the immune system of the birds are challenged and birds is vulnerable to diseases particularly Salmonella and LPAI.

Dear Dr. Shyam R. Vane, Thank you for the very useful information regarding Bacillus subtilis strain QST 713! Since Nurmi and Rantala paper is well known the importance of normal flora for reducing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the bird’s gut. In 1973, Nurmi and Rantala demonstrated that treatment of newly hatched chickens with intestinal contents (faeces) of adult chickens conferred resistance to infection by Salmonella Infantis. After this first observation many bacterial species were investigated, alone or in complex combinations, mainly Lactobacillus spp. and Biphidobacterium spp., mostly against paratyphoid Salmonella and Campylobacter in chickens. The advantage of using Bacillus spp. is spore formation that allows survival of this bacterium in hostile environments such as dry food whereas other bacterial species are labile. The complete patent information of strain QST 713 indicates that this B. subtilis strain decreases the growth of many pathogenic bacteria in the animal gut. Such pathogenic bacteria include Clostridia, Listeria, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, and Vibrio. Among them attention has been paid to the effective control of strain QST 713 against Clostridium perfringens A causing necrotic enteritis. Regarding Salmonella, only paratyphoid Salmonella serovars were investigated, such as S. enterica (serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis) and other species such as S. bongori and S. arizonae. I could not find any paper related to the action of strain QST 713 against S. gallinarum but another strain of B. subtilis (called RX7) showed significantly lower numbers (CFU) of S. gallinarum in excreta and better quality of the eggs in the chickens of the challenged supplemented flock than in the birds of the challenged not supplemented flock. Thank you again for bringing this subject to discussion. Best regards, Dr. Horacio Raúl Terzolo

Dear Hiren Pancholi, thank very much for your useful comment! The sterified butyrins are hydrolysed by lipases after the crop or the stomach, splitting off free fatty acids from glycerol, firstly releasing their activity in the early part of the intestinal tract, and afterwards having a prolonged effect in the caecum. Both caeca of the bird are just the final place in where intestinal salmonellas and campylobacters remain and colonized in big numbers, as compared with other parts of the intestinal tract in which initial post-infection numbers of these bacteria decrease. Best regards, Dr. Horacio Raúl Terzolo