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Swine nutrition
Pigs require a number of essential nutrients to meet their needs for maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation, and other functions. However, factors such as genetic variation, environment, availability of nutrients in feedstuffs, disease levels, and other stressors may increase the needed level of some nutrients for optimal performance and reproduction.
Swine require six general classes of nutrients: water, carbohydrates, fats, protein (amino acids), minerals, and vitamins. Energy, although not a specific nutrient, is an important nutritional component and is primarily derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates and fats. In addition, amino acids (from protein) that exceed the animal’s requirements for maintenance and tissue protein synthesis provide energy when their carbon skeletons are oxidized. Antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, microbial supplements (prebiotics and probiotics), enzymes, and other feed additives are often added to swine diets to increase the rate and efficiency of gain, to improve digestibility, and for other purposes, but they are not considered nutrients.
Pigs require a more concentrated diet and should be fed a less-fibrous feed than cattle, sheep, or horses. As they grow, their nutritional requirements change and the diet should meet their needs in various phases of growth and stages of production.
Introduction Feeding is the most costly item on pig farms, representing 65% of total costs of the farming activity. In this respect, the possibility of earning profits from swine culture depends on proper feed planning, which involves availability of ingredients in adequate quantity and quality at prices that allow production. Given this scenario, there is a growing demand for alternative feeds in animal nutrition using by-products and industrial waste, especially because of the...
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Introduction The biodiesel industry from fatty sources generates glycerin, a by-product that can be used as an excellent source of energy for growing pigs. In Colombia, the installed capacity of biodiesel production was of 505.708 t in 2013 (1). Each liter of biodiesel generates approximately 79 g of crude glycerin (2), consequently, with the installed capacity, the country will produce annually around of 51940 t of crude glycerin (80% glycerol) with a density of 1.3 g/m...
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INTRODUCTION In ancient times, mankind survived with food from daily hunting. As human being accumulates experiences and knowledge about nature, agriculture became a major way of obtaining food. Agricultural activity also allowed us to have stable food supply and this was one of important reasons for the increase in human population and cultural flourish. As entering modern society, growth of human population accelerated as so demands for food....
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Dr. Brian Kerr (USDA) commented on his latest research projects in swine and poultry nutrition, during the 22nd Annual Distillers Grains Symposium in Des Moines, Iowa....
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In performance-oriented pig feeding, nutrient-rich and highly digestible diets are standard. In this context, the topic of "fibre" in pigs has long been associated with dilution of energy, reducing digestibility, feed conversion and performance. Currently, however, the perspective has changed and the importance of fibre for digestion, health and animal welfare is increasingly in focus. This view has its origin in human nutrition indicating that dietary fibre can have a large influence...
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1. Introduction Arabinoxylan and β-glucan naturally occur in the endosperm and aleurone cell walls of cereal grains with varying degrees of solubility. The content of rye and wheat arabinoxylan varies in the range of 6%–12% in the whole grain, and 21%–25% in the bran [1–3]. The proportion of β-glucan in whole grain oat is approximately 3% and 8% in the oat bran [4], whereas in the content of whole grain rye is reported to be ~1.0%–2.5% with...
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Background Xylose, as a major constituent of plant xylan polymers, is one of the most abundant carbohydrates on the earth, second only to glucose [1, 2]. This abundant pentose sugar, along with arabinose, makes up a majority of the hemicellulose backbone as arabinoxylan in the cell walls of cereal grains fed to pigs [3]. Cereal arabinoxylans (also known as pentosans) are composed of a linear β-1,4- linked xylose backbone which may be substituted at the 2’-OH...
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Background The pig, Sus scrofa, appeared in South East Asia ~4.2 million years ago (M) [1], colonizing a wide range of habitats thereafter including Europe and North Africa. European and Asian wild boars are estimated to have diverged ~1.2 M [2]. The wild boar is among the first of the domesticated livestock species, an event that occurred approximately 8,000-10,000 BC both in Europe and in Asia in independent events [3,4]. Today, thanks to the intense modern breeding and...
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Abstract Probiotics are considered to have the beneficial effect on maintaining intestinal ecosystem, enhancement mucosal barrier functions, and improving livestock performance. Muco-defen (Life Rainbow Biotech Co., Ltd. Taiwan) is the product composed of selected Bacillus strains via patent solid-state fermentation process to ensure the 2nd metabolites production, and formulated with essential oil, that can prevent colonization of pathogens by...
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Dr. Tobias Steiner, Head of Product Management Sangrovit® for Phytobiotics, bring us what's new about the quality and benefits of using Sangrovit®, during VIV Asia 2017, in Bangkok, Thailand....
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Introduction Plant carbohydrates can be classified into three categories: 1) simple sugars and their conjugates (glucose, fructose, etc.); 2) storage reserve compounds (starch); and 3) structural carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose, etc.). Simple sugars and storage compounds are primarily digested in the upper gastrointestinal tract of pigs, although not completely, while structural carbohydrates are only partially degraded by the microflora in the cecum and large intestine...
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Introduction One of the characteristics that influence the quality of meat as perceived by the consumer is the amount of intramuscular fat (IMF), which is located within the structure of muscle. In terms of taste, IMF is well correlated with pork acceptability. The threshold level of IMF needed for optimal eating quality of pork proposed is between 2.2 and 3.4% (Font-i-Furnols et al., 2012). In the last decades, the...
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Introduction Protein deposition corresponds to the positive balance between protein synthesis and breakdown (Metayer et al., 2008). In an effort to maximize the protein deposition and optimize nutrient utilization in pig nutrition, it is necessary to determine the amino acid requirement for protein deposition in each growth stage. Lysine has been an amino acid of great interest due to its constancy in body protein and its metabolic preferential allocation for the deposition of...
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Introduction Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a rich source of protein and amino acids (AA) for pig feed (Stein and Shurson, 2009b). However, the high variation in DDGS AA composition and relatively low AA digestibility may play a role in its limited use in swine diets (Fastinger and Mahan, 2006; Liu, 2011). The ratio of wet distillers grains (WDG) and condensed distillers solubles (CDS) was considered to be one of most important...
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Introduction L-carnitine (LC) is a naturally occurring and widely distributed in nature compound. It was discovered in 1905 in Liebig’s meat extracts, a popular ‘dietary supplement’ at that time, by Gulewitsch and Krimberg [1] who named the substance from the Latin word for flesh (“carnus”). Carnitine chemical structure was established in 1927 and its function was related to long-chain fatty...
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Disease Prevention
Through Biosecurity”
By: Paul Walker Thompson March 13, 2016
Biosecurity is a big buzz word these days in the Hog Industry, and is of huge importance to the well-being of each farm. There are two aspects to Biosecurity that help us prevent or reduce the effects of disease, (A) External Biosecurity, and (B) Internal Biosecurity. Let’s take a quick look at each of these.
(A) External Biosecurity is Disease Prevention Measures such as a fence around the farm...
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Bernardo Valenti, a researcher at the University of Catania, in Italy, gave the presentation of his research "Tannins: Review of Mechanism of Action in Animal Nutrition" to the attendees at Silvafeed Technical Seminar in Bangkok, just before VIV Asia 2017, In Thailand....
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Introduction Feed represents between 60 and 70 % of the total cost of pork production in modern capital-intensive systems. Within feed, energy alone may represent 50 % or more of the total cost [1]. Carbon-containing compounds in the feed, including fat, carbohydrate and protein, release energy when oxidized. Such energy is required for such processes as the biosynthesis of proteins, bones and lipids, for biochemical processes associated with maintenance, for active ion...
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Introduction Livestock production in confinement facilities results in gas emissions such as ammonia (NH 3 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). In pig production, NH 3 , CH 4 and N 2 O are products of manure decomposition while CO 2 is primarily a product of animal metabolism. Ammonium (NH 4 + ), under acidic or neutral pH conditions or NH 3 at...
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Introduction Spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP) is a dehydrated product obtained from blood of healthy pigs collected at slaughterhouses. Spray dried porcine plasma is a protein source used in pig feed that has many functional components that significantly improves pig performance [1,2]. At a manufacturing plant, plasma is separated from red blood cells by centrifugation,...
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