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Swine nutrition
Pigs require a number of essential nutrients to meet their needs for maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation, and other functions. However, factors such as genetic variation, environment, availability of nutrients in feedstuffs, disease levels, and other stressors may increase the needed level of some nutrients for optimal performance and reproduction.
Swine require six general classes of nutrients: water, carbohydrates, fats, protein (amino acids), minerals, and vitamins. Energy, although not a specific nutrient, is an important nutritional component and is primarily derived from the oxidation of carbohydrates and fats. In addition, amino acids (from protein) that exceed the animal’s requirements for maintenance and tissue protein synthesis provide energy when their carbon skeletons are oxidized. Antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, microbial supplements (prebiotics and probiotics), enzymes, and other feed additives are often added to swine diets to increase the rate and efficiency of gain, to improve digestibility, and for other purposes, but they are not considered nutrients.
Pigs require a more concentrated diet and should be fed a less-fibrous feed than cattle, sheep, or horses. As they grow, their nutritional requirements change and the diet should meet their needs in various phases of growth and stages of production.
Introduction Voluntary feed intake is often low and variable directly after weaning. As a result, research has focused on how nutritional stressors can be overcome to stimulate feed intake and subsequently increase performance (Pluske et al., 1997). Thus, highly palatable and nutrient dense protein sources are commonly added to nursery diets to encourage feed intake. Traditionally, this has been accomplished with the addition of milk and animal-based by-products. However,...
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1. Introduction Weaning is one of the most stressful events in pig production [1]. Early weaned piglets face several nutritional and psychosocial stressors, including the transition to a solid diet and the abrupt separation of sows and piglets [2]. These events coincide with an immature immune and digestive system [3], which has consequences, such as the reduced activity of digestive enzymes, changes in intestinal morphology, and reduced nutrient digestion in the small intestine...
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Introduction There is an increasing global regulatory movement to ensure the judicious use of antibiotics at farms producing milk, meat, eggs, fish, and seafood to reduce the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that affect human health. The result of these regulatory changes will reduce the length of time antibiotics can be used, may eliminate the use of antibiotics at farms that are also used in human medicine and end the use of these products at sub-therapeutic levels...
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Dr. Andreas Lemme, Director of Technical Consultancy, explains the challenges in poultry production today with a focus on improving sustainability, particularly finding optimum balance between the socio-ethical, environmental and economic factors. "With regards to environmental aspects, the WWF report from 2016 clearly identified the natural boundaries for coping with nitrogen and phosphorous are heavily exceeded"....
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Optimal sulfur amino acids: lysine ratio and bioavailability of DL-Met and liquid MHA-FA in 10-20 kg pigs
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U.S. Soy has a large market in animal feed because of its rich nutritional value and its contribution to animal performance. Although alternatives exist, such as corn protein, and a growing supply of synthetic amino acids, research consistently shows that when compared to these alternatives, soy outperforms.
Dr. Hans H. Stein, a professor of Animal Science at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, conducts research in the area of intestinal physiology and feed ingredient...
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Introduction Feed manufacturing equipment has been shown to be a potential source of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) cross contamination. Wet decontamination has been found to be the most effective method for decontaminating the surface of feed mill equipment. However, this is not practical in most current commercial feed production settings. Methods to mitigate the risk of PEDV transmission in feed and feed ingredients have been investigated, including chemical...
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Introduction Growth promotional feed additives continue to be an area of emphasis for evaluation, especially in nursery pig diets. One of the classes of feed additives that has gained significant interest is probiotics. Probiotics can be defined as live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host (FAO/ WHO, 2001). 6 Mechanistically, the modes of action of probiotics are likely to include competitive exclusion of...
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Yellow grease is the result of recycling used oil from fast food restaurants and then waste animal fat from slaughterhouses for poultry, swine and cattle is added. Theoretically, yellow grease is filtered and stabilized with antioxidant, then stored for export. Some exporters have the nutritional profile. In fact, yellow grease may be contaminated with toxic waste such as water contaminated with bacteria, residual oil used in motor vehicles (as...
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1. Introduction Diet induces a change in the microbial ecology and fermentation end products in the gut, which in turn, influences the nutritional, physiological, and immunological functions of pigs (Brestoff and Artis, 2013; Jha et al., 2019). Cereal grains and different agro-industrial coproducts represent major portions of the pig diet which contains a considerable amount of fermentable carbohydrates like resistant starch (RS) and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) such as AX...
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INTRODUCTION Research to determine the nutritional needs of most micronutrients for pigs was done mainly before the decade of 1990 and focused on avoiding nutritional deficiencies (Gaudré and Quiniou, 2009). Nutritional reference tables represent the theoretical basis for pig feed formulations indicating minimum requirement levels of supplementation (NRC, 2012) or values for best cost to benefit in feed formulations (Rostagno et al., 2017). However, considering...
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Optimal sulfur amino acids: lysine ratio and bioavailability of DL-Met and liquid MHA-FA in 10-20 kg pigs
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1. Introduction
The increased awareness of potential negative effects of including antibiotic growth promoters in diets fed to pigs has resulted in an increased interest in producing pigs without using antibiotic growth promoters. However, by eliminating antibiotic growth promoters from diets fed to newly weaned pigs, disease problems may be increased and growth performance may be reduced. In contrast, removal of antibiotic growth promoters from diets fed to...
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1. Introduction A common challenge for most livestock industries is to identify more productive, efficient and sustainable pasture-based production systems that have a positive impact on animal welfare, biodiversity and long-term operation profitability without negatively affecting soil health. The way that the available resources (land, forage species, animals, infrastructure and climate) are organized and used to achieve the goals of the operation is key for sustainable animal...
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1. Introduction The sustainability of pasture-based animal production systems has social, environmental and economic implications. Grasslands provide low cost feed for livestock, mainly ruminants, becoming the basis for production and livelihoods in many rural areas of the world [1]. Sustainable grazing systems are grounded on the principles of improving the cycle of nutrients of grassland ecosystems, enhancing the vegetation, increasing the biodiversity and improving the...
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It is well known that heat stress or disease stress during gestation and lactation reduces sow herd productivity and profitability. Lactating sows need a high feed intake to maintain their body condition and to support milk...
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Reuters - China’s strong return to the U.S. soybean market in recent months has single-handedly lifted U.S. farm exports to the Asian country to new records, and the heavy forward shipping schedule bodes well for the promises outlined in the Phase 1 trade agreement between the two countries.
That agreement suggests China in 2020 will buy and import at least $36.5 billion worth of American agricultural products, an all-time high. Progress was relatively dismal through mid-year,...
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Hector Torrealba, Technical Manager Latam at AVT Natural, highlighted the importance of Botanicals (OleoBoost ™) as a fundamental piece of the puzzle for the effective replacement of AGPs in animal production, during the event Seed to Feed, in Mexico...
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Introduction With intensive genetic selection for the prolificacy of sows, the swine industry is challenged with improving the piglet survival rate in connection with the increased litter size and decreased litter uniformity (Kim and Hansen, 2013). It is well known that maternal nutrition can have an influence on not only the development of fetal organ and tissue but also milk yield (Kim et al., 1999; McPherson et al., 2004; Farmer, 2018). Deficiency of maternal nutrients would...
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