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Swine health
Pig diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, nutritional deficiencies, poisonous substances, internal and external parasites.
Bacterial diseases include swine erysipelas, swine dysentery, infectious poly-arthritis etc. Viral and mycoplasma diseases include African swine fever, swine influenza, enzootic pneumonia of pigs, vesicular exanthema of swine, transmissible gastroenteritis etc. Helminthiasis as a health problem in pigs is mainly caused by worms like the lungworm, ascaris worm etc. Nutritional diseases include piglet anemia, parakeratosis etc. External parasitic infections include mange, lice, jiggers etc.
How to tell that a pig is in bad health:
General signs: dullness, loss of appetite, labored or rapid breathing, sudden deaths, loss of weight, low weight gain and fever usually manifested by shivering of the pig.
Signs expressed on the skin: reddening of the skin or skin discoloration, loss of hair and hardening of some parts of the skin, itching and cracking of the skin.
Other signs: lameness, cough, abnormal nasal discharges, diarrhea with a putrid smell, abnormal content and color of feces and abortions.
Large quantities of liquid effluents are generated during slaughtering and meat processing services related to cleaning equipment and associated facilities and the high levels of organic material in these effluents can severely pollute aquatic environments. Liquid residue processing regimes utilize biological treatment technologies preceded by physical-chemical treatments. Some of these pretreatments use traditional chemical surfactant formulations (based on sodium alkyl benzene...
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Background There are three enteric coronaviruses that can cause gastrointestinal illness in young pigs e.g., transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV) [1]. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus has been present in the United States since 1946, but PEDV and PDCoV were introduced more recently in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The spread of PEDV among swine herds was rapid; and strict biosecurity...
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Swine neonatal diarrhea is one of the major causes of death and economic losses in swine production. The enterotoxigenic (ETEC), verotoxigenic (VTEC) and porcine enteropathogenic (PEPEC) strains are one of the most representative pathogenic variants of E. coli (9, 11, 12). There are a number of virulence factors associated with ETEC strains, such as the production of heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxins with two variants (STa and STb) (2). The mechanism of pathogenicity of ETEC...
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Researchers at the University of Missouri have successfully produced a litter of pigs that are genetically resistant to a deadly porcine virus.
Coronaviruses, highly contagious and widespread viruses known for their distinctive microscopic halos, are responsible for a variety of deadly intestinal diseases in livestock. One such virus, Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV), commonly infects the intestines of pigs, causing ...
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Responses of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 supplementation in weaned pig diets
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The modern animal exploitation is characterized by a high productive intensity, regardless of the species. This makes the animals undergo constant stressing situations that may result into a higher frequency of disease appearance and decrease of productive levels (Hernández et al. 2015 and Jaque et al. 2015), being the gastrointestinal processes some of the most outstanding problems affecting the profitability of the exploitation system used. Due to the current intensive...
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The epidemiological cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi involves humans, the transmitting arthropod, and a large number of different naturally infected mammals. Mammals play an important role as reservoirs, specifically due to their close relationship with triatomines. The importance of the three mammalian cycles, wild, peridomestic, and domestic is well known; however, the present study concentrates on the peridomestic cycle because it links the other two, favouring that transmission of the...
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Introduction Hospital pens, or infirmary pens, are often used to facilitate the treatment of sick animals and separate them from those that are healthy (Fraser et al., 2013). In these pens, pigs are able to recover without competing with healthy animals for water, food, or rest areas (Pineiro et al., 2014). In Denmark, there is a law that specifies how a hospital pen should be designed, which addresses requirements, such as bedding material, cooling,...
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Introduction Cereals are particularly susceptible to fungal contamination during both the pre- and postharvest stages. Many of these fungi are producers of mycotoxins, which are a chemically diverse group of secondary metabolites with a wide range of toxic effects (Bryden, 2012). The contamination of grain by mycotoxins represents a major concern worldwide in the pig production chain, since the effect of these toxins is to reduce animal performance (Andretta et al.,...
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Isoleucine Plays a Critical Role in Low-Protein Diets
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Dear Users, This is an interesting forum from our Spanish community, generated by Santiago Cabrera from Ecuador: What would be the picture of vaccination to immunize pregnant sows in order that the piglets at birth, are immune to various diseases that attack them?? For example on my farm I have problems Colibacillosis and pneumonia. What do you think?? ...
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One of the most complex microbial ecosystems, which exists in our world is found within us human and all animals, namely in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The important role of gastrointestinal microflora in health and disease of animals and humans is...
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Introduction Heat stress (HS) is a major environmental hazard for both humans and animals. Despite advances in the understanding of heat-related illnesses, there is no treatment against specific aspects of their pathophysiology, and protocols are limited to generic cooling and rehydration (Leon and Helwig 1985). Therefore, a better understanding of the biological consequences of HS is critical in order to develop effective treatment protocols and mitigation...
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1. Introduction Morphine and other opioid receptor agonists alter systemic innate and adaptive immune responses and increase host susceptibility to infection [1]. For example, impairments in neutrophil function, macrophage phagocytosis, T lymphocyte cytokine production, and B cell antigen presentation occur after exposure to morphine. In some cases, these effects are mediated through mu-, delta- or kappa-opioid receptors (MOR, DOR, and KOR, respectively), transcripts...
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Responses of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 supplementation in weaned pig diets
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Introduction The United States swine industry has suffered dramatic losses following the emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in May 2013. The virus is a highly contagious and deadly coronavirus that was only observed in Asian and European swine herds prior to 2013. Due to the high mortality rates (80±100%) in neonates, significant economic losses have been experienced [1, 2]. Traditionally, transmission of PEDV occurs through the fecal-oral route within a...
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The World Health Organization is recommending that farmers and the food industry stop using antibiotics routinely to promote growth and prevent disease in healthy animals.
The new WHO recommendations aim to help preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics that are important for human medicine by reducing their unnecessary use in animals. In...
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Immediately following the news that sales of antibiotics to treat and prevent disease in UK farm livestock have achieved a record low following a 27% reduction over the past two years, targets for further reducing, refining or replacing antibiotic use across the key livestock sectors have been announced at a London...
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Background The encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a nonenveloped positive single-stranded RNA virus. The EMCV serotype is a member of the Cardioviridae genus of the Picornaviridae family [1]. The virus is very resistant and stable in a wide pH-spectrum. The virus may be inactivated in water with 0.5 ppm chloride, iodine and mercury(II)chloride [2]. Infections with EMCV are demonstrated in multiple species, including humans [3]. The natural reservoir consists...
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Isoleucine Plays a Critical Role in Low-Protein Diets
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Dr. Nguyen Van My, Commercial and Technical Director for AVAC -an Ayurvet distributor in Vietnam-, testified about the positive effects induced by the use of Salcochek Pro® among swine herds in Vietnam, during VIV Asia 2017, in Thailand.
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The Swine Health Information Center (SHIC) is supporting a near real-time domestic swine disease monitoring system. The project will generate information useful for economic and animal health decision-making. Data will be analyzed to describe disease activity by major pathogen and/or by clinical syndrome, documenting disease activity (presence, incidence) with respect to geography while maintaining appropriate producer confidentiality.
A joint project between Iowa State University...
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Introduction An ideal technique for the measurement of body growth and composition in livestock animals is noninvasive, non-destructive, accurate, easy to perform and applicable to a wide range of ages and body weights (Ferrell & Cornelius, 1984). Non-invasive, also known as non-destructive, techniques allow tissue changes in the same animal to be followed to study development over different stages. However,...
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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract continues to undergo significant developmental changes in postnatal life. Environmental influences during this critical developmental period, including diet, stress and mucosal injury, have been shown to induce long-term changes in intestinal physiology and disease susceptibility in animal models(1 – 4). Similarly, in human subjects, increasing epidemiological evidence supports the concept that adverse early-life environmental factors, such as stress,...
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