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Swine health
Pig diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, nutritional deficiencies, poisonous substances, internal and external parasites.
Bacterial diseases include swine erysipelas, swine dysentery, infectious poly-arthritis etc. Viral and mycoplasma diseases include African swine fever, swine influenza, enzootic pneumonia of pigs, vesicular exanthema of swine, transmissible gastroenteritis etc. Helminthiasis as a health problem in pigs is mainly caused by worms like the lungworm, ascaris worm etc. Nutritional diseases include piglet anemia, parakeratosis etc. External parasitic infections include mange, lice, jiggers etc.
How to tell that a pig is in bad health:
General signs: dullness, loss of appetite, labored or rapid breathing, sudden deaths, loss of weight, low weight gain and fever usually manifested by shivering of the pig.
Signs expressed on the skin: reddening of the skin or skin discoloration, loss of hair and hardening of some parts of the skin, itching and cracking of the skin.
Other signs: lameness, cough, abnormal nasal discharges, diarrhea with a putrid smell, abnormal content and color of feces and abortions.
The question of where pig welfare should be by 2025 is intertwined with the broader question of what does a healthy future for the pig sector look like. As regards welfare the EU pig sector needs to respond to the recognition by the EU Treaty that animals are “sentient beings” and that “full regard” must be paid to their welfare requirements. Globally, the pig sector should respect the OIE Guiding principles for animal welfare ; these stress that...
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Introduction: The report describes a sudden outbreak of disease in suckling piglets associated to S. suis in a high-health herd where S. suis had never previously been demonstrated. Materials and Methods: The high health herd was established by purchase from two SPF herds in 2002-2003, and had since been self-recruting. New genes were introduced by AI. The farm was declared free from PRRS, APP, SEP, AD, SIV, B. hyodysenteriae ,...
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Introduction: Pre-weaning piglet mortality is an important economic and welfare problem in commercial pig industry and is mainly due to an energy deficit. Management strategies, such as energy supplementation to neonatal piglets, are needed to reduce pre-weaning mortality. Energy supplements may provide directly energy to neonatal piglets as well as improve their colostrum intake. In practice, energy supplementation can be easily implemented in the farrowing management....
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Introduction: Yersinia enterocolitica infection in pigs has several implications as an enteropathogen of pigs and humans, and as a cause of false-positive serological reactions (FPSR) in tests for brucellosis (international trade implications). Swine are the primary reservoir of pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica , although environmental survival may also be important. Few studies focused on the dynamics of infection at farm level. In pigs, Y....
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Introduction: High mortality in the pig industry is a welfare problem as well as it reduces the farmer's income. The Danish Pig farmers have decided to reduce the mortality with 20 % before 2020 compared to the 2011 level. For each percent the mortality is reduced in the farrowing units the gross margin per sow per year is increased by 6 euro. The objective of this study was to provide knowledge of the differences in management, health, feeding, and housing...
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Introduction: Pseudorabies is one of the important infectious diseases, causing enormous economic losses to swine industry. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is the causative agent that is monitored mainly from nasal swabs and tissue samples collected from pigs. Oral swabs have been widely used for the detection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV), foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), porcine circovirus type 2(PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) in...
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Introduction: Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging pathogen first reported recently in Brazil, causing vesicular disease in sows and finishing pigs. There is still lack of information regarding the pathogenicity and dynamics of infection. The objective of this abstract is to report the previous results of a tentative protocol of Senecavirus A elimination. Materials and Methods: The tentative protocol was conducted in a sow farm, where vesicular lesions...
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Introduction: Streptococcus suis infections have a huge impact on animal welfare and economical performance in pig farms. Furthermore, they hinder the restrictive use of antimicrobials (AMB) because oral treatment is an important tool to control the disease. Epidemiological studies have shown a high level of diversity in S. suis serotypes (st) between geographical regions and within farms. This has hampered the development and availability of effective...
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Enhancing Swine Reproduction by Improving Health and Reducing Oxidative Stress
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Introduction: Pig herds are frequently infected with Salmonella Typhimurium. Infections are mostly subclinical and difficult to control with the currently available control measures. Vaccination might be effective to control Salmonella infections at farm level and hence be a promising tool to reduce the risk for human salmonellosis. Materials and Methods: In this study, five different vaccination strategies (1. vaccination of sows; 2....
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Introduction: Pork and pork products are recognised as vehicles of Salmonella Typhimurium ( S . Typhimurium) infection in humans. In recent years, galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and seaweed extracts (SWE) have been explored as novel sources of bioactive compounds that contain antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. The main bioactives in seaweed are the polysaccharides laminarin and fucoidan, which have antimicrobial, prebiotic and anti-inflammatory...
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Introduction: Salmonella Typhimurium has been a constant problem on a 1,000 sow unit from birth to bacon. Clinical signs included scour, ill thrift and high mortality during the first 8 weeks post-weaning. Acidification of diets and the use of antibiotics has been the traditional approach for controlling clinical signs of disease. Since the introduction of new genetics in 2014 and PRRSv (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory virus) in 2015, there has been an increase in...
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Introduction: A 3-year-old Landrace boar with a bilateral swelling of the scrotum was submitted to the Swine clinic in August. History reported a period of hyperthermia, anorexia, depression and weight loss in May. Recovery was obtained after a treatment based on antibiotic (lincomycin and ceftiofur) and anti-inflammatory (steroid) medication injections. In July, the boar fell down after a supervised natural mating. Materials and Methods: The present...
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Lost in the Market Uncertainty Caused by the Outbreak
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Introduction: Leptin is the hormone produced in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue. Concentration of leptin in blood serum is correlated with thickness of backfat. It was confirmed that sows with higher leptin concentration show heat faster after weaning. To properly choose sows for mating, it is necessary to determine their body condition. It could be done using BCS (subjective method) or USG (objective method). In the literature breeding condition is described as...
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Influenza A virus (IAV) reassortment is a major driver for virus diversification that facilitates the emergence of novel viruses that cause zoonotic infections and even influenza pandemics (1–3). Differing from genetic drift that gradually accumulates point mutations on the virus genome during replication, reassortment is more efficient at modifying the virus’s genetic components and expedites virus evolution by swapping intact gene segments between multiple viruses during...
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Within the digestive system, the liver is the primary organ for nutrient transformation and distribution, as well as the elimination and excretion of metabolites. The quality of nutrition has a direct impact on liver health, as the liver performs vital functions. A balanced diet supports liver function and prevents diseases. In contrast, imbalanced or contaminated diets can damage the liver, increasing the risk of diseases. ...
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Respiratory diseases hurt swine operations on both the input and output side of the equation: feed costs rise as performance plummets. New research suggests that by using soybean meal, you can mitigate these challenges as a cost-effective tool for maintaining pig health and performance during outbreaks. Respiratory Diseases Present Challenges When pigs are infected with respiratory diseases such as swine respiratory disease (SRD) and porcine...
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This article explores the alarming link between swine manure management practices — specifically pit/lagoon agitation and emptying — and the occurrence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) outbreaks.
The study, conducted between July 2019 and June 2020 and collecting data from 150 affected sow farms, demonstrates a definitive temporal relationship between these practices and the probability of reporting a PRRS outbreak. Authors Carles Vilalta,...
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a highly challenging and complex viral disease that severely affects both the reproductive and respiratory systems of pigs. PRRS leads to significant economic losses in pig industries worldwide due to decreased productivity, increased mortality, and costly control...
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Enhancing Swine Reproduction by Improving Health and Reducing Oxidative Stress
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Introduction: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) belongs to genus alphacoronavirus. The disease, PED, which causes high mortality rates in newborn piglets, is characterized by acute vomiting and watery diarrhea. During late 2010 in China and Southeast Aisa, several PEDV strains were initially isolated. Subsequently, the disease was pandemic in several provinces neighboring Zhejiang and later in United States in 2013. It aroused our great interest to analyze the reasons...
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Introduction: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS) can decrease growth and cause infertility and abortion in adult pigs. This study was conducted to further understand the risk associated with PRRS transmission/movement at the lairage facility. Materials and Methods: A contact model for the unloading dock was employed using a 68L plastic tub. The model dock was contaminated with a mixture of 1L of PRRS and PEDV-negative manure and...
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