Swine health
Pig diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, nutritional deficiencies, poisonous substances, internal and external parasites. Bacterial diseases include swine erysipelas, swine dysentery, infectious poly-arthritis etc. Viral and mycoplasma diseases include African swine fever, swine influenza, enzootic pneumonia of pigs, vesicular exanthema of swine, transmissible gastroenteritis etc. Helminthiasis as a health problem in pigs is mainly caused by worms like the lungworm, ascaris worm etc. Nutritional diseases include piglet anemia, parakeratosis etc. External parasitic infections include mange, lice, jiggers etc. How to tell that a pig is in bad health: General signs: dullness, loss of appetite, labored or rapid breathing, sudden deaths, loss of weight, low weight gain and fever usually manifested by shivering of the pig. Signs expressed on the skin: reddening of the skin or skin discoloration, loss of hair and hardening of some parts of the skin, itching and cracking of the skin. Other signs: lameness, cough, abnormal nasal discharges, diarrhea with a putrid smell, abnormal content and color of feces and abortions.
1. Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease that affects the majority of pig populations worldwide, although some countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, India, Chile, and the Nordic countries, remain virus-free [1]. The clinical presentation of PRRS varies considerably, due to multiple factors including the environmental conditions [2,3], immune status [4], genetic characteristics of the virus and host, both of which contribute to...
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Introduction: Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), a devastating enteric disease, has caused severe economic losses to swine industry worldwide since its emergence in 1977. Due to PED virus (PEDV) causing enteric infection, local immunity including secretory IgA is more important for protection compared to systemic immunity. Cellular immunity also plays an important role in the protection and disease recovery. The objectives of the study were to investigate cellular response...
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Introduction: A novel mammalian orthoreovirus 3 (MRV3) has been discovered in cases of severe diarrhea at the beginning of the PEDV epidemic in 2013 in US field cases. It has been suggested that not PEDV alone but the combination of MRV3 and PEDV has caused the severe clinical signs seen in North American pigs. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the prevalence of MRV3, 277 randomly collected fecal samples from pigs with a history of...
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Introduction: The objective is to determine patterns of viral shedding, detected by PCR, from dams and their piglets for Senecavirus A (SVA) in serum, feces and oropharyngeal swabs for a 6 week time period post clinical onset. Materials and Methods: A 4,000 head breeding herd developed clinical signs consistent with vesicular disease in sows and significant increases in neonatal mortality associated with the presence of SVA. Clinical signs were...
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APIs and Vitamin MARKET - The weak demand for the APIs
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Introduction: Astroviruses are emerging viruses in the Family Astroviridae that infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species. They are nonenveloped viruses with a single-stranded positive sense RNA genome. They can be found in the intestines and several other organs in diseased and healthy animals. Porcine astroviruses (PAstVs) belong to the Mamastrovirus genus and are distributed worldwide. Five lineages are recognised, possibly reflecting different species of origin,...
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Introduction: Vaccination against Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae (M.Hyo) are applied round weaning. This is a critical period for this reason is very important applying vaccines that do not hinder adaptation to this new situation. The acute phase proteins (APPs) in serum have been proposed as suitable veterinary biomarkers to monitor the stress and the inflammatory response, which makes APPs notable parameters for the global assessment of pig welfare. The...
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1. Introduction Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2), a member of the Circoviridae family, is the smallest swine virus, with a diameter ranging from 17 to 20 nanometers. It is a nonenveloped virus with a circular, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome of approximately 1.7 kilobases in length. PCV2 is recognized as one of the most economically significant pathogens affecting swine worldwide. It is associated with a range of clinical manifestations that are collectively known as porcine...
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Introduction: Swine influenza virus (SIV) infection in pigs is dependent upon the infecting virus strain, age and immune status of the animals and concomitant pathogens. In the Philippines, SIV infection can either be quick onset and rapid recovery or can be less obvious and demonstrate traditional clinical signs of infection. Not all farms are vaccinating against SIV because the specific strains are not identified and prevalence of the different SIV subtypes circulating...
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Introduction: Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are a main cause of respiratory disease in pigs and endemic in North American swine, however the mechanisms that allow IAVs to persist in pig herds are not clearly understood. The objective of this longitudinal study was to characterize the genetic diversity of IAV in pig breeding herds using next generation sequencing technologies. Materials and Methods: Five pig breeding herds were selected for this study. In each...
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Introduction: Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are endemic in North American swine and cause a respiratory disease. However, the mechanisms that allow IAVs to persist in pigs after weaning are not clearly understood. The objective of this study was to characterize the antigenic diversity of IAV during two contiguous epidemic waves of infection in pigs after weaning. Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty-two pigs were randomly selected at arrival to a...
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Technical Advances in Vitamin Physical Properties and Premix Performance
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Introduction: Concerns exist over the long-term consequences for tail stump pain experienced by piglets after docking, especially in relation to traumatic neuroma development in caudal nerves after docking injury. Neuroma formation may cause detrimental sensory changes in the tail due to altered axonal excitability, leading to abnormal sensation or pain. Aims: To characterize pig tail histopathology at time intervals up to 16 weeks after tail docking and to measure...
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Introduction: The objective of this report was to describe the findings from epidemiological investigations to characterize clinical features and identify likely routes by which senecavirus A (SVA) was introduced into sow herds in the Midwest USA. Materials and Methods: Sow farms investigated were enrolled from cases submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Lab (ISU VDL) where SVA was confirmed by PCR. A standard Epidemiologic Investigation...
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A Longer Adaptation Period to a Functional Amino Acid-supplemented Diet Improves Growth Performance and Attenuates Acute-phase Response in Salmonella Typhimurium-challenged Pigs
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Introduction: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv) was first reported in Japan in the 1990s, and a PED live vaccine was approved in 1996 (Sueyoshi et al., 1995). Since then, only sporadic and relatively unimportant outbreaks were recorded. However, in 2013 and following the first PEDv case reported in Japan in seven years, detected in Okinawa prefecture in October, the virus rapidly spread across the country with 817 PEDv cases confirmed across 38 prefectures as of August 31,...
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Introduction: Immuno-modulation of pig immune response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv) infection has been reported, particularly the inhibition of interferon-g (IFN-g) and increasing the number of interleukin10 (IL-10) producing cells. Thus, one of the strategies in controlling the immune-modulation of PRRSv is to vaccinate piglets for PRRS immune response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immune response using serum...
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1. Introduction Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) belongs to the genus Circovirus within the family Circoviridae. It is a small, non-enveloped virus containing a circular single-stranded DNA genome of approximately 1.7 kb. To date, nine PCV2 genotypes, designated PCV2a to PCV2i, have been described worldwide. The genotype distribution of PCV2 has changed over time: PCV2a was initially the most common genotype but was surpassed by PCV2b following its expansion in several regions,...
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INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins are substances that occur naturally in the environment (1, 2). In addition to mycoestrogens such as zearalenone (3, 4), selected trichothecenes, including DON and/or its metabolites (but in vitro), can affect steroidogenesis (2) and changes in gene expression, which suggests that these compounds could disrupt hormonal homeostasis (1). Deoxynivalenol (DON), a polar organic compound produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum (5), is...
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How Artificial Intelligence Reduces Costs in Agribusiness Production Management
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1. Introduction Poor sanitary conditions (SC) affecting herd health may be associated with improper biosecurity practices adopted in modern swine farms [1]. Poor or suboptimal herd health is often a target of concern due to a diversity of factors that may contribute to a high prevalence of infections, including a variety of pathogen sources and transmission routes [2,3]. In this way, mixing management of pigs from different origins, as occurs in large-scale pig operations using...
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Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen is an emerging zoonotic serovar increasingly associated with foodborne infections and antimicrobial resistance worldwide (1, 2). Although detected in porcine production systems in multiple regions, its presence and genomic characterization in Peru remain poorly documented (3, 4). Here, we describe the antimicrobial susceptibility profile and whole-genome sequence (WGS) of the strain FARPER-637, isolated within a national antimicrobial resistance...
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Introduction: Since 2001 GD Animal Health in the Netherlands runs a health monitoring system of all livestock. This system was set up on request of the Dutch government and the different sectors of food production animals. Until recently the system to monitor swine health was based entirely on passive data collection. Results from post mortem investigations of pigs submitted to the animal health service were combined with information gathered during telephonic consults and farm...
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Introduction: Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV) negative health status herds can be advantageous in the North America breeding stock industry. PRCV is a coronavirus that is capable of aerosol transmission through long distances. The purpose of the project was to produce PRCV virus and serologically negative piglets from a PRCV positive farrow-to-finish herd by removing piglets at 2-4 days of age from the farrowing rooms. Materials and Methods: Historical...
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