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Swine health
Pig diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, nutritional deficiencies, poisonous substances, internal and external parasites.
Bacterial diseases include swine erysipelas, swine dysentery, infectious poly-arthritis etc. Viral and mycoplasma diseases include African swine fever, swine influenza, enzootic pneumonia of pigs, vesicular exanthema of swine, transmissible gastroenteritis etc. Helminthiasis as a health problem in pigs is mainly caused by worms like the lungworm, ascaris worm etc. Nutritional diseases include piglet anemia, parakeratosis etc. External parasitic infections include mange, lice, jiggers etc.
How to tell that a pig is in bad health:
General signs: dullness, loss of appetite, labored or rapid breathing, sudden deaths, loss of weight, low weight gain and fever usually manifested by shivering of the pig.
Signs expressed on the skin: reddening of the skin or skin discoloration, loss of hair and hardening of some parts of the skin, itching and cracking of the skin.
Other signs: lameness, cough, abnormal nasal discharges, diarrhea with a putrid smell, abnormal content and color of feces and abortions.
1. Introduction Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2), a member of the Circoviridae family, is the smallest swine virus, with a diameter ranging from 17 to 20 nanometers. It is a nonenveloped virus with a circular, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome of approximately 1.7 kilobases in length. PCV2 is recognized as one of the most economically significant pathogens affecting swine worldwide. It is associated with a range of clinical manifestations that are collectively known as porcine...
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Introduction: Swine influenza virus (SIV) infection in pigs is dependent upon the infecting virus strain, age and immune status of the animals and concomitant pathogens. In the Philippines, SIV infection can either be quick onset and rapid recovery or can be less obvious and demonstrate traditional clinical signs of infection. Not all farms are vaccinating against SIV because the specific strains are not identified and prevalence of the different SIV subtypes circulating...
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Introduction: Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are a main cause of respiratory disease in pigs and endemic in North American swine, however the mechanisms that allow IAVs to persist in pig herds are not clearly understood. The objective of this longitudinal study was to characterize the genetic diversity of IAV in pig breeding herds using next generation sequencing technologies. Materials and Methods: Five pig breeding herds were selected for this study. In each...
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Introduction: Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are endemic in North American swine and cause a respiratory disease. However, the mechanisms that allow IAVs to persist in pigs after weaning are not clearly understood. The objective of this study was to characterize the antigenic diversity of IAV during two contiguous epidemic waves of infection in pigs after weaning. Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty-two pigs were randomly selected at arrival to a...
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Introduction: Concerns exist over the long-term consequences for tail stump pain experienced by piglets after docking, especially in relation to traumatic neuroma development in caudal nerves after docking injury. Neuroma formation may cause detrimental sensory changes in the tail due to altered axonal excitability, leading to abnormal sensation or pain. Aims: To characterize pig tail histopathology at time intervals up to 16 weeks after tail docking and to measure...
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Introduction: The objective of this report was to describe the findings from epidemiological investigations to characterize clinical features and identify likely routes by which senecavirus A (SVA) was introduced into sow herds in the Midwest USA. Materials and Methods: Sow farms investigated were enrolled from cases submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Lab (ISU VDL) where SVA was confirmed by PCR. A standard Epidemiologic Investigation...
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Introduction: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv) was first reported in Japan in the 1990s, and a PED live vaccine was approved in 1996 (Sueyoshi et al., 1995). Since then, only sporadic and relatively unimportant outbreaks were recorded. However, in 2013 and following the first PEDv case reported in Japan in seven years, detected in Okinawa prefecture in October, the virus rapidly spread across the country with 817 PEDv cases confirmed across 38 prefectures as of August 31,...
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Introduction: Immuno-modulation of pig immune response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv) infection has been reported, particularly the inhibition of interferon-g (IFN-g) and increasing the number of interleukin10 (IL-10) producing cells. Thus, one of the strategies in controlling the immune-modulation of PRRSv is to vaccinate piglets for PRRS immune response. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immune response using serum...
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1. Introduction Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) belongs to the genus Circovirus within the family Circoviridae. It is a small, non-enveloped virus containing a circular single-stranded DNA genome of approximately 1.7 kb. To date, nine PCV2 genotypes, designated PCV2a to PCV2i, have been described worldwide. The genotype distribution of PCV2 has changed over time: PCV2a was initially the most common genotype but was surpassed by PCV2b following its expansion in several regions,...
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INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins are substances that occur naturally in the environment (1, 2). In addition to mycoestrogens such as zearalenone (3, 4), selected trichothecenes, including DON and/or its metabolites (but in vitro), can affect steroidogenesis (2) and changes in gene expression, which suggests that these compounds could disrupt hormonal homeostasis (1). Deoxynivalenol (DON), a polar organic compound produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum (5), is...
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1. Introduction Poor sanitary conditions (SC) affecting herd health may be associated with improper biosecurity practices adopted in modern swine farms [1]. Poor or suboptimal herd health is often a target of concern due to a diversity of factors that may contribute to a high prevalence of infections, including a variety of pathogen sources and transmission routes [2,3]. In this way, mixing management of pigs from different origins, as occurs in large-scale pig operations using...
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Salmonella enterica serovar Rissen is an emerging zoonotic serovar increasingly associated with foodborne infections and antimicrobial resistance worldwide (1, 2). Although detected in porcine production systems in multiple regions, its presence and genomic characterization in Peru remain poorly documented (3, 4). Here, we describe the antimicrobial susceptibility profile and whole-genome sequence (WGS) of the strain FARPER-637, isolated within a national antimicrobial resistance...
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FIGAP 2026: The Scientific And Technological Exhibition Of The Livestock Industry
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Introduction: Since 2001 GD Animal Health in the Netherlands runs a health monitoring system of all livestock. This system was set up on request of the Dutch government and the different sectors of food production animals. Until recently the system to monitor swine health was based entirely on passive data collection. Results from post mortem investigations of pigs submitted to the animal health service were combined with information gathered during telephonic consults and farm...
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Introduction: Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV) negative health status herds can be advantageous in the North America breeding stock industry. PRCV is a coronavirus that is capable of aerosol transmission through long distances. The purpose of the project was to produce PRCV virus and serologically negative piglets from a PRCV positive farrow-to-finish herd by removing piglets at 2-4 days of age from the farrowing rooms. Materials and Methods: Historical...
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Introduction: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is characterized as highly contagious and severe digestive failure in domestic pigs. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) population is considered as reservoir of several viral pathogen such as CSFV, ASFV, ADV, PCV, HEV, and PRRSV. Nevertheless, there were no reports on the prevalence and reservoir of PEDV in wild boar population. Therefore, we investigated the presence of the PEDV in the fecal samples of wild boar population during...
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Introduction: Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is an acute and highly contagious enteric viral disease in swine. In 2013, the disease has emerged and reemerged in American and Asian countries, and caused severe economic loss in affected farms. The clinical signs of PED were observed in infected pig by vomiting, severe watery diarrhea, dehydration, and high morbidity and mortality, especially for suckling pigs. Since December 2013, the epidemic situation of diarrhea in the...
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Introduction: Porcine rotavirus (PRV) is a non-enveloped icosahedral virus belonging to the genus Rotavirus and family Rotaviridae. Rotavirus genome has 11 segments which encode 6 nonstructure proteins (NSP1,2,3,4,5,6) and 6 structure proteins (VP1,2,3,4,6,7). Virion has three layers. The outer most layer comprise of VP4 and VP7 which are necessary for virus entry. The middle layer is VP6 protein, the most abundant and conserve structure protein. Base on the antigenicity and...
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Introduction: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmitted by mosquitoes is caused reproductive failure in pregnant sow and the encephalitis in human. Therefore, it has been known as zoonosis. There are several methods to detect antibodies against JEV. These methods include hemagglutination inhibition (HI), viral neutralization test (VN), plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HI test is considered the standard method...
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CALPID
Calpid from Norel is based on calcium pidolate to help animals maintain performance, especially in diets with reduced calcium and phosphorus levels.
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Introduction: A new neonatal porcine diarrhoea syndrome (NNPDS) unresponsive to traditional prophylaxis and treatment has been reported from a number of European countries during the last years. However, the aetiology of this condition remains uncertain. This study aimed at describing the intestinal virome of piglets with neonatal porcine diarrhoea of uncertain aetiology by the use of viral metagenomics in an effort to discern a possible viral involvement. Materials and...
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Introduction: Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a devastating enteric disease, caused by PED virus (PEDV), a RNA virus in genus Alphacoronavirus, family Coronaviridae. At present, the disease causes severe economic losses worldwide. Following an outbreak, oral administration of all sows in the herd with minced intestine (intestinal feedback) of PEDV infected pigs are suggested and the sow herd will produce healthy pigs within 2-4 weeks post exposure. The lactogenic immunity of...
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