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Swine health
Pig diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, nutritional deficiencies, poisonous substances, internal and external parasites.
Bacterial diseases include swine erysipelas, swine dysentery, infectious poly-arthritis etc. Viral and mycoplasma diseases include African swine fever, swine influenza, enzootic pneumonia of pigs, vesicular exanthema of swine, transmissible gastroenteritis etc. Helminthiasis as a health problem in pigs is mainly caused by worms like the lungworm, ascaris worm etc. Nutritional diseases include piglet anemia, parakeratosis etc. External parasitic infections include mange, lice, jiggers etc.
How to tell that a pig is in bad health:
General signs: dullness, loss of appetite, labored or rapid breathing, sudden deaths, loss of weight, low weight gain and fever usually manifested by shivering of the pig.
Signs expressed on the skin: reddening of the skin or skin discoloration, loss of hair and hardening of some parts of the skin, itching and cracking of the skin.
Other signs: lameness, cough, abnormal nasal discharges, diarrhea with a putrid smell, abnormal content and color of feces and abortions.
Don Giesting (Cargill) discussed the combined effects of mycotoxins on animal health, during this Swine It interview with host Laura Greiner....
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Introduction: Increased litter sizes due to hyper prolific sows have led to litters with up to 30% of piglets being born with signs of intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR piglets have lower survival rates and are more likely to have empty stomachs at 24 hours. In addition, it is estimated that IUGR piglets can only consume 100 g of the recommended 250 g of colostrum within the first 24 hours. The gastric emptying rate of these piglets might influence their...
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Introduction: Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is still one of the major economic problems for the pig industry. To confirm PMWS, it is necessary to fulfil the following diagnostic criteria: 1) specific clinical and necropsy findings; 2) specific histologic lesion and 3) presence of moderate to significant amount of PCV2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or in situ hybridization (ISH). The fact that the virus is ubiquitous in pig populations worldwide,...
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Introduction: Vesicular disease has been described recently in Brazil and was associated to Seneca Valley virus (SVV). The clinical presentations were characterized by vesicular lesions in sows and acute losses of neonatal piglets. SVV has been identified in swine herds from United States, Canada, Australia, Italy, China and New Zealand. Few reports in Brazil characterized the virus circulating in outbreaks in the country and performed the phylogenetic analysis to better...
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Feed Conversion Ratio: Unveiling the Secrets of Sustainable Livestock Production
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Introduction: Effects of 5 to 150 ppm gaseous ammonia onto respiratory health and production data in pigs have been described in literature with varying results. Ammonia is known to cause oxidative stress in epithelial cells, to irritate nociceptors and to disturb the mucocillary clearance. In addition, a pH-shift within the epithelial lining fluid covering the airways with the consequence of an efficacy loss of pH-dependent natural antibacterial peptides is assumed. In...
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Introduction: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) has cattle as natural hosts, but it can infect other animals, such as sheep, goat and swine. Once infected, pigs usually do not present clinical signals of infection, which can leads to a silence viral dissemination among animals. Furthermore, the transmission of BVDV between pigs and ruminants requires direct or indirect contact, but virus transmission among pigs remains unknown. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the...
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Introduction: This study examined the effects of feeding Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (Calsporin® Calpis Co. Ltd., Japan) at the target inclusion rates of 0 CFU/g, 500 000 CFU/g and 1 000 000 CFU/g on intestinal health in weaned pigs after challenge with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDv). Materials and Methods: A two by three factorial design composed of three diets containing 0 CFU/g or 500 000 CFU/g or 1 000 000 CFU/g of Calsporin® and PEDv...
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Introduction: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections in pigs is a major challenge for the swine industry as it causes significant production and economic losses to producers worldwide. Timely detection of PCV2 in herds is important in order to minimize the spread of infection and reduce economic losses. Current diagnostic methods such as ELISA and PCR are not suitable for field use because of the need for expensive equipment, trained technicians, and a specialized...
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Introduction: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) is the causal agent of the post weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PWMS). This virus is different from PCV-1 that is non-pathogenic. Globally PCV-2 strains are classified in two genogroups: a and b. PCV genome contains two major ORF that encode Rep and Rep’ proteins associated to the viral replication and the capsid protein (Cap) that is the unique structural component of the virus. The Capsid protein of...
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Introduction: Parvoviruses have been circulating in the global pig population for some time. So far, six porcine parvoviruses have been described in pigs including the classical PPV1 commonly associated with reproductive failure in breeding herds and newly recognized PPV2, PPV3, PPV4, PPV5 and PPV6. An association of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and PPV1 (also known as the classical PPV) or the PPV2 with porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) has been established. The...
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Introduction: Cooperation and joint technical knowledge of vets and farm managers (experts) are needed for effective pig farming. They have a real influence on production indices and on manifestation and predisposing factors of Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex (PRDC). At the same time the ineffective farm management is responsible for imprudent overuse of antibiotics and economic losses. In this study we surveyed Hungarian, Czech and Slovak swine farm experts’ opinion...
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Introduction: Preweaning mortality of piglets remains a welfare as well as an economic concern in commercial swine herds. Post mortem examination can give insight in specific preventive measures. Materials and Methods: A thorough investigation of preweaning piglet mortality was conducted in 14 loose housed Norwegian piglet producing herds. All dead piglets from one batch of sows in each herd, in total 1216 piglets from 378 sows, were collected for...
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Introduction: Claw lesions in piglets are common. The neonatal claw is sensible for factors such as floor temperature and roughness, and possible residuals from disinfectants. Also selenium (Se) intoxication and ergot alkaloids have been related to claw lesions. The present case describes the occurrence of hemorrhagic claw lesions in neonatal piglets of a commercial farrow-to-finish pig herd in Flanders. Materials and Methods: The herd consisted of 270 JSR...
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Introduction: Vaccination against circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ( M.hyo ) is done round weaning, which is one of the most stressful events in the pig’s life. Therefore, vaccination should not contribute to compromised well-being to this new situation. Acute phase proteins (APPs) have been proposed as suitable biomarkers to monitor stress, for detection of inflammation and for monitoring the well-being of pigs. The aims of this study...
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Feed Conversion Ratio: Unveiling the Secrets of Sustainable Livestock Production
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Introduction: Detection of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) in individual Placental Umbilical Cord Serum (PUCS) samples has been shown to be comparable to other sample types (e.g., colostrum, pre-suckle serum, fetal tissue) to monitor PCV2 sow herd stability. However, testing of individual samples is costly, and a frequently used method to reduce testing costs is sample pooling. The purpose of this study was to estimate the impact of PUCS sample pooling on PCV2 polymerase chain...
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Introduction: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is widespread among swine population, causing reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory disease in pigs of all ages. In Greece, PRRSV was first detected in 1993. Today, PRRSV appears in an enzootic form, with elevations and declines of reproductive problems in breeding stock and increases of respiratory problems in growing-finishing pigs, causing economic losses. The aim of this study is to...
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Introduction: It is a classical but unproven hypothesis that pigs can serve as intermediate hosts between birds and humans in the generation of novel pandemic influenza viruses. Yet the single pandemic virus of likely swine origin is the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (2009 pdm), a virus with genetic components of swine, human and avian origin (reassortant). The latter virus has become well adapted to pigs and humans and is now widespread in both species. Avian H9N2 viruses are...
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Introduction: Improvest® (Zoetis, also known as Improvac) is an anti-GnRF vaccine for the immunological castration of male pigs for the control of boar taint. However, there is limited information on the impact of timing of 2nd Improvest dose relative to the time of harvest on growth and carcass parameters. The objective of this study was to compare different times of the 2nd on the performance of immunological-castrates (IC) relative to physical-castrates (PC) and...
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Introduction: Tildipirosin (TD) is a semi-synthetic tylosin analog that has been approved for the treatment of respiratory diseases in pigs and cattle. This macrolide is rapidly absorbed and extensively distributed to the site of respiratory infection. Thus, lung, mean TD concentrations were characterized by a peak on day 1 and a slow decline until 17 days after administration. On the other hand, pigs can become asymptomatic carriers of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ...
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Introduction: Porcine pleuropneumonia, caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App), is worldwide in its distribution and has caused severe economic losses in most pig-rearing countries. Epidemiologically, serotyping is the gold standard method, with App being classified into 15 different serovars based on the presence of surface carbohydrates, principally of the capsule. Variances in the virulence between serotypes have been reported. Virulence is strongly correlated...
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