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Swine health
Pig diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, nutritional deficiencies, poisonous substances, internal and external parasites.
Bacterial diseases include swine erysipelas, swine dysentery, infectious poly-arthritis etc. Viral and mycoplasma diseases include African swine fever, swine influenza, enzootic pneumonia of pigs, vesicular exanthema of swine, transmissible gastroenteritis etc. Helminthiasis as a health problem in pigs is mainly caused by worms like the lungworm, ascaris worm etc. Nutritional diseases include piglet anemia, parakeratosis etc. External parasitic infections include mange, lice, jiggers etc.
How to tell that a pig is in bad health:
General signs: dullness, loss of appetite, labored or rapid breathing, sudden deaths, loss of weight, low weight gain and fever usually manifested by shivering of the pig.
Signs expressed on the skin: reddening of the skin or skin discoloration, loss of hair and hardening of some parts of the skin, itching and cracking of the skin.
Other signs: lameness, cough, abnormal nasal discharges, diarrhea with a putrid smell, abnormal content and color of feces and abortions.
Introduction: Coccidiosis occurs worldwide in association with intensive pig husbandry. In the intensive pig production piglets are supplemented with Iron to prevent iron deficiency anaemia. Traditional prevention of coccidiosis and iron deficiency anaemia has involved two separate intervention. Toltrazuril is well established product given orally to piglets in prepatent period to control coccidiosis and iron is supplemented traditionally by intramuscular route to young...
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Introduction: The field control of animal trypanosomosis has relied over the years on two broad strategies: using chemotherapeutic agents on infected animals, and vector control. At present chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis are the only practical methods available for the control of animal trypanosomosis, but their effectiveness is being threatened by a number of factors, which include increasing parasite resistance, treatment failures and unacceptable...
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Responses of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 supplementation in weaned pig diets
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Introduction: Gastrointestinal disease is one of the leading causes of clinical signs in growing and finishing pigs. We herein describe several diagnostic cases of finisher pig colitis wherein both novel and common pathogens were discovered. Materials and Methods: Necropsies of 5 pigs, 10-13 weeks of age, with diarrhea and weight loss, were performed at two swine farms, each housing > 15,000 growing pigs. Tissue samples including colon were submitted to the...
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Introduction: The first outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) since 1996 in Japan was reported in October 2013. Also, in August 2014, Japan also had the first outbreak of dengue fever (DF) since 1945. A concern with these recent incidents is the risk of a decrease in pork consumption due to misinformation or exaggeration by the news media. Therefore, our objectives were to characterize PED and DF newspaper and google-searched articles, and identify important text...
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Mycotoxins semiannual survey of mycotoxin in feed in 2023 Taiwan - Second Half
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Introduction: During an outbreak of respiratory disease, pigs suffering of severe and usually fatal respiratory distress can be observed sporadically. During necropsy, oedema and haemorrhage of the mucosa can be observed in the trachea leading to the suspicion of severe tracheitis. However, aetiology of tracheitis remains obscure in pigs. We report here a clinical case of tracheitis in finishing pigs. Materials and Methods: This study reports on a 200 sow...
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Introduction: Pneumocystis belongs to the opportunistic fungi and is of high clinical relevance in immunocompromised patients who may develop severe interstitial pneumonia. Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. suis can frequently be detected in pigs co-infected with other respiratory pathogens. The occurrence of Pneumocystis on farm level has not yet been investigated. For this reason, the aim of the present study was the evaluation of...
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Introduction: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is characterized by reproductive failure of sows and respiratory problems of nursery and growing pigs. Present management strategies mainly focus on the prevention of infection using vaccination but are not sufficient to eradicate the virus and provide complete immunity. Therefore, in searching for agents that may prove clinically effective against PRRSV infection, seventeen Asian medicinal plant extracts were...
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Potassium diformate is a strong acidifier that is released slowly in the digestive tract with high buffering properties, which prevents excessive fluctuations in the acidity of the gastrointestinal tract of animals. Studies have shown that 85% of potassium diformate passes through the pig’s stomach and enters the duodenum in its intact form. The...
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Introduction: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae(APP) is an important pig pathogen, which is responsible for swine pleuropneumonia, a high contagious respiratory infection. The Apx toxins are species specific and all field strains produce these toxins. Apx toxin is consist of virulence domain A subunit and cell binding domain B subunit. Protein transduction domains (PTD) are small peptides able to carry proteins, peptides, nucleic acid, and nanoparticles, including...
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Introduction: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important animal virus that causes reproductive failure and respiratory track illness in pigs. Current inactivated vaccines have low efficacy and/or complicated time-consuming production procedure requiring application of hazardous reactants such as formaldehyde or binary ethylenimine. Here, we studied the possibility of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) as a suitable...
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Responses of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 supplementation in weaned pig diets
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Introduction: Most common influenza A virus (IAV) control measures include sow vaccination using prefarrow, mass or a combination of prefarrow and mass vaccination protocols with either commercial, autogenous or both vaccines. Piglets prior to wean are important in the maintenance of influenza infections in breeding herds as well as in the dissemination of the virus into wean-to-finish facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sow vaccination...
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Introduction: Ascaris suum is a widespread parasitic nematode that causes infection in fattening pigs. The clinical symptoms are mostly vague and unspecific. Based on the high prevalence of infections with A. suum observed in fattening pigs, the questions arise whether exposure to A. suum mainly occurs in the fattening units or earlier on in farrowing and nursery units and whether serology could be used to detect exposure to A. suum in piglets. To...
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Mycotoxins semiannual survey of mycotoxin in feed in 2023 Taiwan - Second Half
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Introduction: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a swine respiratory pathogen that leads to compromised animal welfare and economic losses in finishing pigs. The lung infection can last up to 7 months and infected animals can become asymptomatic carries capable of infecting other pigs. The pathogen is mainly transmitted by direct contact, and vertical transmission is recognized as risk factor for prevalence of M. hyopneumoniae at weaning. It is known that colonized...
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Introduction: Antimicrobials continue to be an effective measure for the control of pleuropneumonia outbreaks in swine. The Italian ministry of health recommends not to systematically use new molecules as first line treatment (Manuale Biosicurezza e uso corretto e razionale degli antibiotici in zootecnia, Sezione suini, 2012). Thus, susceptibility to alternative treatment must be documented. Trimethoprim-sulphonamide (TMP+S) combination is recommended as first choice...
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Introduction: A genetic reassortment of influenza viruses of different hosts is an important mechanism for overcome the species barrier. Therefore the aim of this study was to define the percentage of reassortants and their gene constellation after co-infection of pigs with 2 influenza virus strains of different subtype and origin. Materials and Methods: Six pigs were intranasally inoculated with A/Swine/Gent/172/08 (H3N2) and A/Duck/Italy/1447/05 (H1N1)...
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Introduction: Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection although observed in a subclinical form in Norwegian pigs, can lower the pig’s growth performance by reducing feed efficiency in terms of a poorer feed conversion ratio. Infected pigs consume more feed and require protracted production time to reach market weight. Our stochastic models were constructed to simulate the summed negative effects of the infection at the batch level of 150 fattening pigs growing from 33 to 100...
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Mike Tokach (Kansas State University) explains how to remove costs by reviewing amino acids and energy levels, and the close relation between genetics and nutrition, during the Nutrimas workshop....
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Introduction: Viral diarrhea severely damage pig industry, causing tremendous economic loss worldwide, especially during the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) outbreaks in recent years. The most common viruses causing diarrhea are PEDV, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine rotavirus A (PoRV-A). In the past years, some new viruses like porcine kobuvirus (PKV) and porcine sapovirus (PoSaV) were discovered from pig intestinal contents. It is very difficult...
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Responses of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 supplementation in weaned pig diets
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Introduction: Oral fluid is convenient sample for monitoring of PRRSV in pig herds. However, due to its nature, it is recommended to maintain cold chain during transport and storage. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of storage conditions of oral fluid on sensitivity of real time PCR to detect PRRSV. Materials and Methods: Oral fluid was obtained from a PRRSV-positive farm, transported to the laboratory, and stored at -20°C. The sample was...
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Introduction: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a devastating viral disease affecting swine industry worldwide. Innate immune response to PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection varies among pig breeds. Elucidating the role of host genetics in the variation of PRRSV vaccine responsiveness may lead to characterize the host immunocompetence and thereby resistance to PRRS. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the breed difference in innate immune response to...
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