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Swine health
Pig diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, nutritional deficiencies, poisonous substances, internal and external parasites.
Bacterial diseases include swine erysipelas, swine dysentery, infectious poly-arthritis etc. Viral and mycoplasma diseases include African swine fever, swine influenza, enzootic pneumonia of pigs, vesicular exanthema of swine, transmissible gastroenteritis etc. Helminthiasis as a health problem in pigs is mainly caused by worms like the lungworm, ascaris worm etc. Nutritional diseases include piglet anemia, parakeratosis etc. External parasitic infections include mange, lice, jiggers etc.
How to tell that a pig is in bad health:
General signs: dullness, loss of appetite, labored or rapid breathing, sudden deaths, loss of weight, low weight gain and fever usually manifested by shivering of the pig.
Signs expressed on the skin: reddening of the skin or skin discoloration, loss of hair and hardening of some parts of the skin, itching and cracking of the skin.
Other signs: lameness, cough, abnormal nasal discharges, diarrhea with a putrid smell, abnormal content and color of feces and abortions.
Introduction: Actinobacillus (A) suis is a small, gram-negative rod and an opportunistic pathogen that colonizes the upper respiratory tract in pigs. Outbreaks of disease occur in high health status herds or new herds. Infected pigs may have lesions related to septicemia and/or respiratory disease, such as hemorrhagic and necrotic pneumonia. Although acute septicemia with death occurs mainly in suckling and recently weaned pigs, it can be observed in growing,...
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Introduction: Monitoring lung lesions at slaughter can be an efficient tool in estimating the prevalence and severity of respiratory diseases in fattening pigs. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) can be associated with chronic pleurisy. German pig production can be characterized by the existence of three different epidemiological regions: Northern Germany with high pig density; Eastern Germany with fewer but larger farms and in contrast to that Southern Germany with...
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Lost in the Market Uncertainty Caused by the Outbreak
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Introduction: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is the etiological agent of pleuropneumonia in pigs. Although an old bacterial pulmonary pathogen, it is still relevant in the 21st century and occurs worldwide. At present, 15 serotypes have been differentiated by antisera. The distribution of serotypes involved in clinical cases in different regions varies drastically. Moreover, strains of a certain serotype may typically be highly virulent in one region while...
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Introduction: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ( A. pleuropneumoniae ) is among the most important pathogens in pork production. The pathogen can cause severe economic losses due to acute or chronic pleuropneumonia accompanied by decreased performance and increased mortality. Both, therapeutic treatment and vaccination have no sustainable effect on the control or spreading of infection and in addition, vaccines are not always available. Thus, our research targets...
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Introduction: Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae is one of the main important respiratory tract pathogens in pork production. Because of no or limited cross protection between different serotypes the disease control by vaccination is mostly hampered. In consequence high levels of antibiotics are used for combating outbreaks and limit spreading of disease. As the responsible use of antibiotics is increasingly under official control, this study aimed to...
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Introduction: Pleuropneumonia caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (Ap) results in significant losses in the pig industry worldwide. Besides acute outbreaks of respiratory disease, deaths, increased antibiotic usage, condemned carcasses and lower animal welfare, there are also subclinical manifestations in an infected herd. The consequences may be a lower average daily weight gain (ADG), a higher feed conversion rate (FCR) and a high level of chronic...
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Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance testing of enterotoxic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is used as a diagnostic decision tool for selecting classes of antibiotics for treatment in pigs. Resistance testing is often done on isolates from faecal samples collected from diseased case pigs with the advantage of high certainty of analysing E. coli stains that has caused disease in the individual pig. The objective of this current study was to investigate pen-level...
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Introduction: Swine mycoplasma Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) and Mycoplasma hyorhinis (Mhr) are respiratory pathogens in pigs. They are associated with enzootic pneumonia (EP) and porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) causing huge loses to the porcine industry. Currently commercial vaccines are available only against Mhp; however, their protection ability is not complete. Therefore, use of antimicrobials often becomes necessary to limit the disease in the...
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Introduction: Ante-mortem detection of Mycoplasma hyopnuemoniae (Mhp) can be difficult during the mid stages of an infection and in vaccinated populations. Commonly used methods to determine herd status such as nasal swabs, oral fluids, and oropharyngeal swabs, have shown low sensitivity and antibody testing is inconclusive in vaccinated populations. A more sensitive ante-mortem procedure is needed. The objective of this study was to compare ante-mortem...
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Introduction: Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) is involved in the aetiology of atrophic rhinitis of swine and causes remarkable economic losses for pig production. Antibiotic treatment is widely used for the treatment of bacterial infections, nevertheless, little is known about the antibiotic resistance of the B. bronchiseptica strains circulating in Hungary. Our aim was to fill this gap by a retrospective analysis of strains originated from pigs. Furthermore,...
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Introduction: Local reactions are possible side effects after vaccination in animals. In the case of live viral vaccines, local reactions are mostly small and transient, whereas in the case of inactivated vaccines local reactions are often more pronounced. These effects are due to the use of adjuvants in inactivated products. Depending on the adjuvant type, local inflammatory reactions at the injection site are common but vary in extent. In Europe the safety of...
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Introduction: Swine brucellosis outbreaks due to Brucella suis biovar 2 (B. suis 2) occur sporadically in continental Europe. Control and eradication is based on O-polysaccharide (O/PS)-based serological tests and full stamping out of infected herds. However, these tests frequently return false positive serological reactions (FPSR) due to infections with other gram-negative bacteria sharing O/PS epitopes. Previously we proved that a skin test using O/PS free cytosolic...
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Lost in the Market Uncertainty Caused by the Outbreak
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Introduction: African swine fever (ASF) disease was eradicated from domestic swine herds in Brazil in 1984, after six years of hard work, determination and with highly cost due to the occurrence in pig small farms. The ASF virus (ASFV) belongs to the family Asfarviridae being the only member of Asfivirus genus. Our previous studies on ASFV epizootiology and virulence demonstrated that virus has dispersed from the first ASF outbreak in pig herds in Paracambi city of state...
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Introduction: Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) characterized by watery diarrhea and vomiting, was described throughout Europe till the end of the 1990’s and is caused by an Alphacoronavirus, the PED virus (PEDV). Since April 2013, a severe epizooty of PED has been striking USA previously free from this disease. Suckling piglets are the most affected by PED with up to 90-95% mortality. In China in 2010 and USA in 2013, PED epidemics were related to new PEDV strains....
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Introduction: In Flanders, the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv) and Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) are endemic on most herds and recognised as two major pathogens with a significant economic impact in the domestic pig. In order to monitor the infection status of a herd concerning PRRSv and PCV2 a voluntary program started in February 2015 with financial support of the Belgian Fund for Animal Health (For more details, refer to the companion...
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Introduction: Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important porcine pathogen that causing huge economic impact in swine industry worldwide. The genetic characteristics of the PRRSV strains clearly indicate the existence of two major genotypes, the European type (EU genotype, type 1) and the North American type (NA genotype, type 2). However there was no viremia detection result of type 1 and 2 PRRSV by quantitative real-time PCR assays in...
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Introduction: Influenza A virus infections causing economic losses are widely spread among swine populations worldwide. Swine can be infected by avian as well as by human influenza viruses. In Europe, over the last decade, three stable lineages of reassortant viruses between avian and human viruses have formed. The human pandemic H1N1/2009 virus has become a fourth player in this field and is currently disturbing the balance of the previously established European porcine...
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Introduction: Farrowing is a critical period for the sow in which painful, inflammatory and infectious processes along with other systemic events cause postpartum stress and may trigger Postpartum Dysgalactia Syndrome (PPDS) which manifests itself either in clinical or subclinical presentation, both with negative impact on the sow and its litter regarding the development of suckling pigs. The objective of this study was to determine under field conditions the effect of...
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INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by different fungal species, Fusarium being responsible for most contamination of feedstuffs in the field. Among more than 400 identified mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) are of most concern for the pig industry. Pigs are very sensitive to both DON and ZEN. When acute dietary exposure occurs, DON can lead to vomiting and feed refusal (1), whereas ZEN has oestrogenic effects (2). However, in practice, acute...
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I have a sow in its second month of pregnancy who ate well the 60 first days, but now everything changes, and it doesn´t want to eat anything,and when it drinks water then it vomits with a yellow colour and with a strong smell. We gave it antibiotics to stop the pain but we had no luck. We are desesperated since 8 days has passed by in the same situation. What do you think? ...
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