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Additives and feedstuffs in dairy cattle nutrition
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Drought conditions will force dairy producers to look for alternative crops to feed as forages. Oilseed crops, such as soybeans, may be harvested for forage when the decision is made that drought conditions have shrunk soybean yield below the economic threshold for harvest or when facing a forage shortage. Alternative forages-like soybean haylage or hay, can help stretch usual forage supplies, whose yields are likely compromised as well. One of the...
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Rumen microbiology
The rumen is the first stomach of cattle, sheep and goats. All digestion in this organ is carried out by a microbial population which consists of ciliate protozoa, anaerobic bacteria and anaerobic fungi. The bacteria are genetically very diverse, deriving from many different origins, whereas the protozoa are monophyletic, thought to have evolved from a symbiotic protozoan which established in the rumen...
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Introduction Genetic evolution of production animals and the increase of food demand have required high quality and digestibility products for animal feeds use. In Brazil, especially in Paraná State, soybean has been given prominence in relation to other cultures due to sale price rises and the knowledge and adoption of production techniques (GOLDFLUS, 2001). Glycine max (L.) Merril soybean belongs to the legume...
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Oxidation-reduction or simply redox reactions are an important class of chemical reactions encountered in many biological media. Redox reactions occur in living or- ganisms and are indeed essential to life. They are mainly involved in metabolic path- ways to generate energy in the form of free energies. In all living organisms, including microbes, metabolism can be thermodynamically driven by different oxi- dation-reduction systems that can be assessed either by free energy...
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Introduction The North American dairy industry has changed rapidly in recent years. As dairy production has industrialized, primarily in the U.S. and Mexico, new economies of scale have dramatically changed the siting of dairies, the management practices and and the application of nutrition. The objective of this...
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Healthy rumen microbe populations are important to dairy cows. Flourishing microbial populations can provide 50% to 80% of a dairy cow's daily protein requirement and up to 80% of its energy requirements. The remainder of the cow's nutrients comes from the level of recommended daily nutrients fed. In addition, research shows that well-managed herds with flourishing rumen microflora perform more consistently with smaller fluctuations in dry-matter intake, milk production and milk components....
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Introduction In the late 1950's Schwartz and Mertz (1959) reported that trivalent chromium (Cr) was an essential component of a factor in brewer's yeast that corrected impaired glucose metabolism in rats fed certain diets. Subsequent studies demonstrated that Cr functioned as a potentiator of insulin action (Vincent, 2001). Considerable research has been conducted with Cr in human nutrition and an adequate intake of Cr has been established for...
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Ionophores and supplemental fat are fed to lactating cows to improve feed efficiency. Their effect on rumen fermentation is similar, but less is known about their impact on rumen microbes. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of monensin (M), bacitracin (B), and soybean oil (O) on microbial populations. Mixed cultures of rumen microbes were incubated in 5 dual-flow continuous fermentors and fed 13.8 g of alfalfa hay pellets daily (DM basis) for...
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This paper reviews the effects of feeding ionophores on nutrient digestion and absorption. In cattle, monensin and lasalocid increase apparent digestible energy by an average of 2.0 percentage units. In sheep, responses in digestible energy to ionophore feeding have been more variable, and neither monensin nor lasalocid have, on average, affected digestible energy. The effect of ionophores on fiber digestibility appears to depend on diet composition and source of...
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Dr. Jerry Spears from North Caroline State University gave a lecture about Balancing dietary minerals to optimize animal productivity and health and minimize their potential environmental impact at the III Global feed and Food Congress 2010 in Cancun, Mexico. ...
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Introduction The production of milk per cow and lactation period has suffered a considerable increase in recent years. For example, according to data published by the USDA (1) (figure 1), the production per cow and lactation has increased 16% over the last ten years in the United States. This figure is even greater if we take into account data from other countries such as some European countries... ...
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To establish, validate and evaluate the technical and economic efficiency of a decentralized approach for production of hydrated and anhydrous ethanol (95% and 96% concentration, respectively) a low-cost, small-scale processing plant was built, with a processing capacity of approximately 1,000 liters/day. The plant is easy-to-manage and operate with different feedstock crops (cassava, sweet potato, beet, sugar cane and sweet sorghum) thus avoiding the dependency...
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Feed intake is determined by many interacting factors and prediction of feed intake is the "Achilles heel" of diet formulation. Many different diet characteristics interact with environment and physiological state of cows, making it difficult to predict feed intake accurately. However, understanding the factors controlling feeding allows us to manipulate diets to optimize feed intake. Eating is controlled by the integration of peripheral signals in brain feeding centers. Dairy cow diets must...
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Accurate understanding of the chemical composition of feedstuffs is the key in properly identifying cost effective feed ingredients and in delivering a ration that maximizes milk production. Assembling this knowledge not only requires understanding of the feeds typically grown on the farm, but also usually involves understanding of other complementary industries that may be supplying feedstuffs to the dairy industry. One such industry is ethanol production. Ethanol production from corn grain...
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When feeding lactating dairy cows it is best to limit amounts of certain feeds. Reasons can be problems with palatability, high oil or fat content, and imbalances of certain nutrients. Knowing these restrictions can prevent problems from occurring. Also, combinations of some of these feeds can be a problem if the maximums are used with no regard to type and amount of nutrients that are provided. This is where your nutritionist can be an asset in identifying optimal relationships with...
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The U.S. Grains Council, a non-profit organization charged with building global markets for America's grain, arranges feeding trials to include distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a co-product of U.S. ethanol production, all over the world. These trials help to determine the cost effectiveness and viability of the product as a competitive feed ingredient in world markets. Most recently, Council Consultant Dr. Randy Shaver, a dairy science professor at the University of...
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Dry cow nutrition might not be the first thing on your mind given current challenges facing the dairy industry. However, proper dry cow nutrition is critically important to improve success in early lactation. Cows fed appropriately during the dry period transition more smoothly, have fewer health problems, and are more productive. It is important to develop a dry cow diet(s) based on a sound forage program. Most successful dry cow diets consist of approximately 70 to 80% forages;...
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We evaluated the effect of supplementing typical dairy diets with yeast and fibrolytic enzymes on dairy cow performance. Twentyfour Holstein cows were used to evaluate the effects of yeast (Procreatin-7, a live culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and various amounts of FP800 (a fibrolytic enzyme mixture) on lactation performance. Treatments were arranged in a 4 × 2 factorial design consisting of 8 treatments: 0, 5, 10, or 15 g of FP800 per day and 0 or 5 g of Procreatin-7 per day. Design and...
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One of the biggest factors affecting farm/ranch profitability is the herd's reproductive rate. Producers need female animals to produce one healthy calf each year, and improper nutrition, particularly in young females, can have a dramatic effect on reproductive performance. Special attention must be paid to developing and first/second calf heifers.
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Have you eaten at one of those ‘all you can eat’ buffets recently? It’s a challenge (if not impossible) to stop eating even when you have met the recommended energy intake for your body size and work load for the day. If you are like me you might think to yourself, just one more dessert. Dry cows do a poor job of regulating energy intake as well. Data collected at the University of Illinois over the last ten years demonstrates that cows will consume 40-80% more energy than required during both...
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