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1. Introduction Over the years, water pollution has become one of the major environmental challenges facing most of the states in Southern Nigeria, particularly the Niger Delta region. Niger Delta is one of the most prominent regions in Nigeria with vast aquatic ecosystems greatly blessed with variety of fish species both Fin and Shell fishes [1]. Amongst other states in the region, Rivers and Bayelsa State coastal waters are faced with massive environmental pollutions due to...
INTRODUCTION Diatoms play a major component and dominant life form of the phytoplankton community. Diatoms are made up of complex silica cell wall and microscopically single-celled autotrophic eukaryotic algae belonging to the class Bacillariophyceae and kingdom Protista 1 . The tiny algae diatom range from 2 and 500µm in length or diameter and their habitation vary from ocean to freshwater systems exhibiting seasonal variations during monsoon...
INTRODUCTION The macroscopic algae has always been associated with human and animal life for their innumerable beneficial properties and has been used as a source of food, feed, fertilizer, medicine and the availability of economically cheap phytochemicals.[1,2] Seaweeds are also used as raw material for many industrial products like agar, alginates and carrageenan.[3,4,5] Fresh and dry seaweeds especially brown and red macroalgae are extensively consumed by people especially...
I. INTRODUCTION Vibrios have emerged as a major problem affecting shrimp culture across the world. The Outbreaks and mass mortalities of vibrios in hatcheries and grow out ponds of shrimp have been reported across many regions (Couch 1978; Overstreet 1978; Lightner 1983, 1985, 1988, 1996; Sindermann 1990; Ruangpan and Kitao 1991, 1992; Chen et al. 1992; Yang et al. 1992; de la Pena et al. 1993; Jiravanichpaisal et al. 1994;...
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antibiogram of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), and the distribution of virulence genes (oprL, exoS, phzM, and toxA) and the antibiotic-resistance genes (blaTEM, tetA, and blaCTX-M). A total of 285 fish (165 Oreochromis niloticus and 120 Clarias gariepinus) were collected randomly from private fish farms in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. The collected specimens were examined bacteriologically. P. aeruginosa was isolated from 90 examined...
Introduction Shrimp farming is one of the most important aquaculture practices worldwide. In shrimp-farming operations, one of the primary wastes of concern is nitrogen. The built-up of nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate from the shrimp continuously degrade the culture environment. Ammonia is excreted by animals and also arises from decomposing organic solids such as uneaten feed. The excess feed and fecal matter deposited in the bottom of the pond...
1. Introduction In Nigeria today, despite the significant investment in commercial agriculture by the government, aid agencies, multilateral organizations and individuals, livestock production has not succeeded in meeting the protein demands in the country (Oluwatayo and Adedeji, 2019) [1]. The increasing human population in the country has indicated that the conventional forms of livestock production and artisanal fisheries which have been over-exploited will not be sufficient...
INTRODUCTION Among the essential amino acids (AA), L-arginine (ARG) is one of the functional amino acids in animals. ARG is a nutritionally very important and essential AA for fish, and is considered the fourth limiting AA in aquafeed. Most of fish species excretes ammonia predominantly through the gills, diffusing NH 3 or NH 4 (ammoniotelic animals). Therefore, unlike mammals, fish have a low hepatic activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthase III or ornithine carbamoyl...
Introduction Silver has long been known to exhibit a strong toxic activity towards a wide range of microorganisms, for this reason silver based compounds have been extensively used in many bactericidal applications. Nano particles due to their large surface area are highly reactive and Ag Nano particles have been tested in various fields of biological sciences, Viz drug delivery, wound treatment, binding with HIV gp120 protein , in water treatment and as antibacterial compound...
Introduction The fish nutrition has advanced with the expansion of aquaculture in order to achieve better performance rates. Thus, diets should provide all the nutrients and energy as a way to optimize the fish development. Among the nutrients, the fatty acids are essential for growth and survival, as well one of the most important sources of energy. The fatty acids of the omega 3 family are not produced by the fish, requiring supplementation in...
1. INTRODUCTION Histidine (Hist) is one of the 10 essential amino acids for fish, and its importance in nutrition expanding the role of this amino acid beyond its function in protein synthesis. It is well recognized that histidine deficiency can impair growth as well as feed conversion in fish (1, 2). Its metabolites, such as carnosine, anserine and NAH (N-acetyl histidine) play an important role in antioxidant capacity, recovery from fatigue and regulation of osmotic pressure...
I. INTRODUCTION Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most commonly cultured freshwater fish species in Nigeria. It is a prolific breeder, widely farmed across the nations of the earth and the third largest cultured finfish [1]. Oreochromis niloticus is a native of Africa [2], considered as a standout farmed fish because of its high nutritional qualities, fast growth rate, resistance to diseases and its ability to withstand sudden environmental changes [3]. In spite...
INTRODUCTION Seaweeds are the raw material for many industrial products like agar, alginates and carrageenan; also, they continue to be widely consumed as food and medicine in Asian countries.[1,2,3] Most edible seaweeds are known to contain significant quantities of protein, lipids, minerals, vitamins[4,5,6,7] , and nutrient contents.[8,9] Seaweeds are also considered as a source of bioactive compounds and antioxidants as they...
INTRODUCTION The acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) has affected shrimp farming in several countries, like, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Mexico and in Philipines.1-6 The unique symptoms and characteristics of this disease consisting of massive sloughing of hepatopancreas epithelial cells. The external symptoms in infected shrimp like, empty stomach, bluish body color and shrunken hepatopancreas could be observed. The rate of mortaly is significantly higher...
Introduction Hematological parameters of fish blood are useful tools that aid in the study immuno-potentiators. Such tests are general but not conclusive and must be correlated with biochemical tests of the subject. The classification of leucocytes as in the vertebrates has been done following morphological criteria where by various groups can be distinguished such as lymphocytes, granulocytes and macrophages (Ellis, 1981). Dominguez et al. (2004) confirmed that elevating...
Introduction Penzlin (1977) cited that blood constituents of fish are variable than those of the terrestrial animals. Abdelhamid (1991) argumenta for the variation between fish and terrestrial animals to the huge number of fish species (ca. 25.000) and strains (40.000) in comparison with the mammalian species (ca. 4.500). Additionally, Abdelhamid (2009) cited that fish are variable in their morphology, biology, anatomy, physiology, reproduction,...
1. Introduction Mycotoxins are natural contaminants commonly found in plant-derived foodstuffs, mainly cereals and their by-products. Since these raw materials are added as ingredients in feed formulation for different animal species, including cultivated fish, the risk of mycotoxin contamination in feed for aquaculture has increased, thus introducing contaminants (i.e., mycotoxins), which were not previously identified in fish tissues [1]. Diverse studies reported mycotoxin...
INTRODUCTION Free radicals are responsible for aging and causative agents of various human diseases. Antioxidant compounds play an important role in various fields such as medical field (to treat cancers, cardiovascular disorders, and chronic inflammations), cosmetics (anti-aging process) and food industries (food preservative) [1]. Seaweeds contain reactive antioxidant molecules, such as ascorbate and glutathione (GSH) when fresh, as well as secondary metabolites including...
Introduction In Egypt, shrimp culture has fluctuated progress. Although shrimp culture is profitable, but shrimp disease is still one of the major problems. Shrimp’s origin is from the eastern Pacific waters. In practice of shrimp culture, shrimp farmers often use their habit and experience, including the harvest time ( Nour et al ., 2004). Litopenaeus vannamei is the most important penaeid shrimp species farmed earth ( Alcivar- Warren...