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Mycotoxins in poultry
Common mycotoxins associated with mycotoxicoses in poultry include aflatoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, ochratoxins, and trichothecenes such as deoxynivalenol and T-2 toxins. Diagnosis requires detection and quantification of the specific mycotoxin. Treatment includes removal of the source of the mycotoxin and supportive care. Mold mitigation strategies can be used for prevention. Mycotoxicoses are diseases caused by the poisonous effects of the toxins produced by filamentous microfungi (ie, toxigenic molds). Hundreds of mycotoxins are known and can produce mild to severe toxic effects when they occur above levels of concern. The importance of mycotoxin problems in poultry is probably considerable yet difficult to measure. Chronic low levels of exposure to more than one type of mycotoxin appears to be a commonality, yet is less clinically evident.
1. Introduction Mycotoxins are found worldwide as natural contaminants or co-contaminants of feed and feedstuffs (Katole et al., 2013). The toxicity of mycotoxins i.e. mycotoxicosis, is characterized by its nephrotoxic, immunosuppressive, hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects in animals and poultry (Patil et al., 2005, 2006, 2014, 2017a, b; Patial et al., 2013; Patel et al., 2015; Patil and Degloorkar, 2016a, b, 2018). Aflatoxicosis in poultry causes...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are found world-wide as natural contaminants of feed and feedstuffs (Katole et al., 2013). The toxicity of mycotoxins i.e. mycoxicosis, is characterized by their nephrotoxic, immunosuppressive, hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic effects in animals and poultry (Patil et al., 2005, 2006, 2014, 2017a, b; Patial et al., 2013; Patel et al., 2015; Patil and Degloorkar, 2016a, b, 2018). Aflatoxicosis in poultry causes lowered performance in...
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Abstract To evaluate the ameliorative impact of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) and sodium butyrate (NaB) during combined aflatoxicosis and ochratoxicosis on production performance and immunity, day-old broiler chicks (n=320) were divided into 10 treatment groups (T0: control; T1: T0+300 ppb aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)+250 ppb ochratoxin A (OTA); T2: T1+0.15% MOS; T3: T1+0.3% MOS; T4: T1+500 mg/kg NaB; T5: T1+1000 mg/kg NaB; T6: T1+0.15% MOS+500 mg/kg NaB; T7: T1+0.15% MOS+1000 mg/kg NaB;...
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INTRODUCTION Presence of mycotoxins in feed is one of the major constraints in maintaining feed quality because the mycotoxins are widely present in feedstuffs around the world and may affect production even in very low concentration. These are low molecular weight toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain strains of filamentous fungi, which invade crops in the field, during harvesting or storage under favourable conditions. Although several hundred mycotoxins are...
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INTRODUCTION Presence of mycotoxins in feed is one of the major constraints in maintaining feed quality, especially in tropical countries. The Food and Agriculture Organization has estimated that 25% of the world’s crops are affected by mycotoxins each year (Das, 2004). The most widespread mycotoxin i.e., aflatoxins are of great concern in warm and humid climatic conditions like India (Singh et al., 2010). Swamy et al. (2012) found that South Asian feeds are contaminated...
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Dr. Christos Gougoulias, Head of Innovation at Innovad, speaks about the results of a 4-year PhD research project with the University of Ghent (Belgium) on the use of biomarkers for mycotoxin exposure in livestock which involved the necessary Method Development and validation in several biological fluids (blood plasma, urine, faeces and excreta) in pigs and chickens, during the Symposium on Gut Health in Production of Food Animals in St. Louis, Missouri, USA...
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Todd Applegate, Head of Poultry Science Department at the University of Georgia, talked about the advances that the poultry industry has had in understanding probiotics and their effect. Also, Applegate went over his researches on amino acids and mycotoxins, during IPPE 2017 in Atlanta, USA....
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Todd Applegate (University of Georgia) discussed the effect of mycotoxins on digestibility and the use of binders, among other subjects, during IPPE 2019 in Atlanta, USA....
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INTRODUCTION Endotoxins are toxic compounds from bacterial origin. The most well-known endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are part of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria (e.g. E. coli). In production animals, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains a large group of microorganisms, and therefore it is the most important source of endotoxins. During normal bacterial division and lysis, LPS molecules are released into the lumen. Once absorbed from the lumen,...
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All feeds (raw material and finished products) are suitable media for growth of a wide variety of moulds, provided moisture and temperature requirements are met. The moulds in feed may cause problems in two ways (i) the moulds itself use the feed nutrients for their growth, and (ii) the moulds can produce mycotoxins in feed. Reduction in the metabolisable energy value (Bartov 1982), and reduced fat content, dry matter and protein retention, metabolisable energy and performance of broilers...
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Keywords: SG 9R, Aflatoxin, Salmonella, Adsorbent, Mycotoxins INTRODUCTION Most developed countries around the world have eradicated Salmonella Gallinarum (S.G.) and S. Pullorum (S.P.) from commercial flocks, and now concentrate mainly in the prevention of infections caused by the paratyphoid group. However, a high percentage of the commercial layer’s world population is still affected by S.G., therefore vaccination with a live attenuated vaccines of S....
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About 128,000 laying hens don’t lie: the nutritional value of DL-methionine hydroxy analogue is 65 % that of MetAMINO®
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INTRODUCTION Food has an important role in people's life. Animal protein is one of the essential needs of human nutrition. Poultry has been used as a valuable source of protein in human nutrition in the world for years and animal products, specially meat and poultry liver have played an important role in people’s nutrition. This product is influenced by factors that make it improper nutrition uses because of different reasons (Allameh and Razzaghi Abyaneh, 2001). Today,...
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Poultry industry has emerged as the most dynamic and fastest expanding segment in animal husbandry sector with an annual growth rate of 6% in 1980's, 11% in 1990s, 19% in 1997-2002 and 6.2% during 2002-2006 in broiler chickens and 5-6% in egg production during this period in India. With an annual production (BAHS, 2010) of around 61.45 billion eggs (95.2% hen, 2.5% duck and 2.3% from other species) and 2.03 million metric tonnes of poultry meat, India ranks third and fifth in egg and...
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Introduction Fungi and their toxic products easily grow in different environmental conditions, especially in humid and warm environment. This situation can happen during harvest, transport and storage. In feedstuff for animals, mycotoxins are undesirable but inevitable. It leads to that mycotoxins taken by farm animals in certain concentration and affect their performance with silent symptoms. Toxi-free PLUS® (Life Rainbow Biotech Co., Ltd. Taiwan) is specially...
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Introduction Aflatoxins (AF) are a major concern in poultry production and public health because of serious economic losses and health problems. AF in poultry feed cause listlessness, anorexia with lowered growth rate, poor feed utilization, decreased egg production and increased mortality (Miazzo et al 2000). Anaemia (Oguz et al 2000a), reduction of immune function (Gabal and Azzam 1998, Oguz et al 2003), hepatotoxicosis, hemorrhage (Ortatatli and Oguz 2001), teratogenesis,...
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The impact of cumulative stress Farming animals are every day confronted with a number of challenges: climatic conditions (variation in temperature, humidity), vaccinations & infections, bad feed quality, change of feed, toxins and many other. This accumulation of several stress factors often leads to oxidative stress at the cellular level which results in: a compromised liver, suppression of the...
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The Problem Endotoxins are potentially toxic compounds from bacterial origin. The most well-known endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are part of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. In poultry, the GI tract is a large reservoir of microorganisms, and therefore the most important source of endotoxins. During normal bacterial division and lysis, LPS molecules are released into the lumen. Once absorbed from the lumen, endotoxins induce an inflammatory response,...
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Are we exaggerating the problems of Mycotoxins? Ewa Sujka Higuera discusses the main issues producers face fighting mycotoxins, during IPPE 2019
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Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides or LPS) are part of the cell wall of Gramnegative bacteria. During growth or bacterial lysis, LPS are released and can transfer to blood and tissues. In poultry, the intestinal microflora is the most important source of endotoxins, and the GI tract the main risk site for transfer from the lumen. Several factors (e.g. heat stress, mycotoxins, pathogens, feed transition) are known to increase gut permeability, promoting leakage of endotoxins into the blood. Once...
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