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Introduction Domestic animals are considered to be sentient and endowed with cognitive and emotional abilities. The fact that domestic animals can experience emotional states has resulted in developing methods for welfare assessment and monitoring. However, animal welfare legislation often focusses on housing and management conditions and less on how people behave and interact with them. Yet humans can influence reactions of animals towards them and affect their behaviour...
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Background Primiparous sows (PP) have higher nutrient requirements [1, 2] and fewer piglets born than multiparous sows (MP) [3]. Usually, PP sows are bred before they reach mature body size and when the back fat levels are still limited and often times below the recommendation of 18.0–23.0 mm at first insemination [4]. Part of the nutrient intake of a PP sow during the reproductive cycle is still used for their own tissue growth [5]. Piglet birth weight and growth...
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Introduction Prevention of disease transmission and enhancement of growth and feed efficiency are critical factors in modern pig production. For more than 50 years enteric disease suppression and growth promotion have been effectively achieved by the inclusion of various antibiotics or chemotherapeutics at subtherapeutic doses into diets. The estimated economic benefits in terms of improved growth rates ranged from 3.3 to 8.8% and feed efficiency from 2.5 to 7.0% (Viaene...
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INTRODUCTION The calls for the promotion of variable alternatives to modern health management practices need to be intensified as the rate of shortfalls in the supply of animal protein to the teeming world population continues to widen especially among resource-poor citizens of developing countries. The high cost and non-availability of chemically synthesized allopathic drugs among the local people that constitute the majority of the livestock farmers promote these shortfalls as...
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Introduction Ileitis (proliferative enteropathy of pigs), caused by the obligate intracellular parasite, the bacterium Lawsonia intracellularis, is the most common intestinal infection worldwide, affecting piglets in the rearing and fattening pigs. Arnold et al. (2018) detected a whole group of pathological changes in the small intestine. The disease occurs in four different forms, namely: regional ileitis, intestinal adenomatosis, hemorrhagic enteropathy, necrotic enteritis. It...
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Introduction Porcine Cytomegalovirus (PCMV) belongs to the β-herpesvirinae family and, despite being species-specific, it shares homology with cytomegaloviruses of human and other animals [1]. PCMV infection is usually subclinical in older pigs, but similar to the human cytomegalovirus, it can cross the placenta and often produces mummification, abortion, low viability of piglets at birth and consequential pre-weaning mortality [2]. In susceptible herds, the virus...
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Veterinary APIs Market Update: Price Trends & Key Insights – February 2025
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Swine dysentery (SD) caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is a highly contagious disease of grower and finisher pigs. SD causes severe mucohemorrhagic diarrhea, resulting in decreased feed efficiency and increased morbidity. Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens is characterized by high mortality in poultry with bloody diarrhea, and sudden death. B. subtilis and B. licheniformis have been identified from the gastrointestinal tract of...
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Introduction Due to considerable changes in the pig industry worldwide in favour to groups-housing systems, understanding social behaviour of pigs and its impact on welfare has become increasingly important. The wild counterparts of pigs are highly gregarious and form complex hierarchical structures of multigenerational and matrilineal social units centered around several philopatric females associated with their cohorts of offspring [1,2]. Despite occasional breakdown in...
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Introduction Colibacillosis is generally defined the infection with Escherichia coli characterized by many clinical forms. E. coli is a gram negative peritrichously flagellated bacteria belonging to the family Enterobatteriaceae and is the causative agent of a wide range of diseases in pigs, including neonatal diarrhoea, post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD), oedema disease (ED), septicaemia, polyserositis, coliform mastitis (CM) and urinary tract infection (UTI) (Fairbrother and Gyles,...
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Introduction With information technology, commercial herds have collected and stored many data. New technologies are expanding the possibilities for data collection, information-exchange, collaboration and data analysis. However, the use of these data have been limited. Farm data analysis can help veterinarians and producers to identify a production problem that they did not recognize and make a better decision about solutions. Furthermore, data analysis could increase the...
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Introduction - vaccines against parasites In modern swine medicine, vaccination against various pathogens is an integral part of the health management. However, currently not a single vaccine against parasites of swine is commercially available. Compared to viral and bacterial pathogens, there is a general scarcity for anti-parasite vaccines; only two anti-nematode vaccines, one antitick-vaccine and a handful of antiprotozoal vaccines are available for domestic animals....
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Background Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of nosocomial and community-acquired human disease, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and costs [1]. During the last decade, particular clones of MRSA called livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA), due to their ability to colonize and persist in livestock, has emerged in most European countries [2]. The most widespread LA-MRSA in Europe and Northern America belongs to...
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Introduction For economic reasons, the pig industry is marked today by a phenotypic inbreeding for production parameters that might result in a genotypic linkage with an altered (compromised) immune responsiveness. A well-developed immune system and optimal immune responsiveness remain important for the welfare and productivity. Indeed these qualities can only be obtained if the health status of the animal scores high. Therefore a lot of energy and money is invested in...
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Ascaris suum is currently the only parasitic worm that is still highly prevalent in modern intensive pig production systems. However, due to the subclinical nature of the disease, ascariasis often remains undiagnosed, creating a lack of information regarding the worm-status of a farm, which ultimately makes it difficult for the farmers and the veterinarians to evaluate the applied deworming programs. In recent years, our group has developed and evaluated a serological test that can be used...
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Veterinary APIs Market Update: Price Trends & Key Insights – February 2025
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Introduction The “Five Freedoms” (FAWC, 1993) are used widely as a framework for the assessment of animal welfare and the basis of much legislation for animal protection. Whilst not all Freedoms receive universal agreement, “Freedom from pain, injury and disease” is accepted as important by all stakeholders. Pain can be defined as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage” (IASP, 1979)....
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Introduction Lysine is typically the first limiting amino acid in corn and soybean meal-based swine diets. Therefore, it is critical to establish the Lys requirement at each growth phase in order to allow the pig maximum growth potential and keep diets economical. Increasing crystalline amino acid usage to replace specialty protein sources and current statistical modeling capabilities has created a need for more research in amino acid requirements. Typically, essential amino...
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Tom Weber (AB Vista) talks about effects in the microbiome, in this Swine It interview with host Laura Greiner....
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Robert Thaler (South Dakota State University) explains how answers change over time, during a Swine It interview with host Márcio Gonçalves....
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Pedro Urriola (University of Minnesota) comments on variation in nutrient composition and energy values, in this Swine It interview with host Laura Greiner....
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