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Swine health
Pig diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, nutritional deficiencies, poisonous substances, internal and external parasites.
Bacterial diseases include swine erysipelas, swine dysentery, infectious poly-arthritis etc. Viral and mycoplasma diseases include African swine fever, swine influenza, enzootic pneumonia of pigs, vesicular exanthema of swine, transmissible gastroenteritis etc. Helminthiasis as a health problem in pigs is mainly caused by worms like the lungworm, ascaris worm etc. Nutritional diseases include piglet anemia, parakeratosis etc. External parasitic infections include mange, lice, jiggers etc.
How to tell that a pig is in bad health:
General signs: dullness, loss of appetite, labored or rapid breathing, sudden deaths, loss of weight, low weight gain and fever usually manifested by shivering of the pig.
Signs expressed on the skin: reddening of the skin or skin discoloration, loss of hair and hardening of some parts of the skin, itching and cracking of the skin.
Other signs: lameness, cough, abnormal nasal discharges, diarrhea with a putrid smell, abnormal content and color of feces and abortions.
Background The process of microbial colonization of the gut after birth plays an important role in the development of the neonatal immune system of mammals with implications during their whole life [1]. Immediately after birth, environmental and maternal bacteria, including colonization via the vagina, nipple surface, and milk, quickly colonize the offspring gut and establish the initial microbiota of the piglet [2,3,4]. The intestinal microbiota protects against colonization by...
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Dr. Margarita Trujano, Technical Director & Swine specialist at Agrimprove, points out What endotoxins are, How they affect pigs, and also How you can manage endotoxins?
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I. Introduction The UK review of antimicrobial resistance presented now outdated 2014 data on AMR consequences for human life (O’Neill, 2016). They estimated that 700,000 people die every year from AMR, with concerning devastating effects on infant mortality. In India, 60,000 newborn babies die each year from antibiotic-resistant neonatal infections. This problem is more prominent in less developed countries but by no means restricted to them. In the US, there are more than two...
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INTRODUCTION Salinomycin is an ionophore antibiotic used in pigs as a growth promoter (Rutz & Lima 2001) and preventively to control the clinical signs of enteric diseases caused by bacteria of the genus Brachyspira (Hampson et al. 2006). Properly used, ionophores are effective in both indications, but they are myotoxic in excessive doses (Novilla 1992). Salinomycin facilitates ionic flow through the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial membranes (Mitani et al. 1976)....
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Introduction The application and distribution of manure on croplands is influenced by the relief and geographical position of farms and the size of the area, being limited to certain times of the year depending on weather conditions (Hodgson et al., 2016; Broetto & Meinerz, 2017). Therefore, until its disposal, manure needs to be kept in a suitable storage structure and to be correctly managed, which requires understanding the basic types of bacteria present in it. According...
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Dr. Locke Karriker (Iowa State University) comments on supply of antimicrobials, as well as widespread and better reporting, during this Swine It interview with host Laura Greiner....
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Don Giesting (Cargill) commented on this mycotoxin and its varieties, as well as its impact on animal health, during this Swine It interview with host Laura Greiner....
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Dr. Locke Karriker (Iowa State University) talks about possible origins and the impact of globalization, as well as better use of antimicrobials, during this Swine It interview with host Laura Greiner....
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Giovani Trevisan (Iowa State University) discussed recent activity and good signs regarding these diseases, during this Swine It interview with host Laura Greiner....
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Introduction: Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp. and is a common contaminant of grains worldwide. DON has been shown to increase susceptibility to viral infections. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of DON on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) immunization and subsequent challenge infection in vivo. Materials and Methods: In total 38 piglets were divided into four groups. Group I (10...
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Introduction: Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein which belongs to a transferrin family. It is available as a commercial extract from bovine milk or colostrum and offers potential as a therapeutic intervention for modulating infections and intestinal pathologies. It was also used a feed supplement for piglets. To date, an ability of LF to bind LPS and then induce cells activation via TLR4 is known. LF itself, however, is belived to be able to activate cells...
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Introduction: Modern pig farming requires to set up adequate vaccination programs to prevent or decrease economic loss from important infectious diseases. Vaccination compliance is a key success factor for a cost-effective prevention strategy. It relies on the administration of the correct dosage, by the correct route at the correct date. During the vaccination process, leakage or bleeding out of vaccine droplets may be observed on the pig skin surface, particularly when using...
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Introduction: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is primary pathogen of pigs causing serious failure in production and reproduction of pigs. We confirm the influence of the infection and the vaccination to the immune response in the experiment in vivo. The immunosuppressive activity of this virus can also predispose to secondary bacterial infections. The animals infected with both pathogens develop more severe clinical signs. Materials and...
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Introduction: Food-borne disease caused by Salmonella spp. is an important public health problem. The antimicrobial resistance causes failure of regular therapy and increases the cost of treatment. Salmonella-free carcasses at the slaughterhouse may not happen because there are many stages where workers, liver, intestine, and pig carcasses can be contaminated.Food-borne disease caused by Salmonella spp. is an important public health problem. The antimicrobial resistance causes...
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Introduction: Salmonella is a major food safety hazard applied to one health. Salmonella infection in pig farms may lead to health problems for farm workers, visitors and consumers of farm produce. In this study, prevalence of Salmonella spp. isolated from workers and pigs at farms at Nong-BuaLumphu province, Northeastern of Thailand was determined and antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed. Materials and Methods: A total of 123 samples from workers and...
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Introduction: Although idiopathic vesicular disease (IVD) is rarely diagnosed in US swine, in 2015 there were over 100 cases identified throughout the country. Frequently, Senecavirus A (SVA) has been associated with IVD and is presumed to be the etiologic agent. In recent studies we have shown SVA to induce a vesicular disease in nursery and finishing age pigs. This paper describes initial efforts demonstrating SVA protective immunity. Materials and...
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Introduction: Aujeszky disease is still a major pathogen causing respiratory problem and reproduction failure in Taiwanese swine herds. Though eradication program in breeder farms is in progress, no standard vaccination program recommended for commercial farms. Recently Area Regional Control (ARC) became popular for its benefit of diseases control in an area level. In this study, we report a survey on sero-prevalence of Aujeszky disease in a small swine production group in east...
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Introduction: Vesicular disease (VD) was reproduced with Senecavirus A (SVA) in 9 and 25 week old pigs, confirming that SVA causes VD in pigs (ISU and USDA, 2015). Between Sept 2014 and Dec 2015 a large incidence of VD associated with SVA was reported in Brazil. Likewise, between July-Dec 2015 the incidence of SVA in the USA pig industry increased significantly. Moreover, authors of this study reported the epidemic transient neonatal losses (ETNL) syndrome affecting piglets in...
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Introduction: Porcine parvovirus 2 (PPV2) was detected in swine serum without showing any relation with a disease. The emergence of the virus seemed to be a unique event until other, genetically highly similar parvoviruses were identified in China while later in 2012 the presence of the virus was also described in Europe. Phylodynamic analysis indicated that PPV2 must have been around in Europe since 1920 in domestic and sylvatic hosts. It seems that PPV2 is widely...
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Introduction: Porcine circovirus (associated) diseases (PCV(A)D) are one of the main health problems in modern porcine industry. The disease has become endemic, ubiquitous and can nowadays be seen with milder clinical signs than in the past, from severe to unapparent, from the weaning age to the finisher stage and in the gilts and sows. Several commercial PCV2 vaccines are used in piglets in production to reduce or eliminate the clinical problems. The present paper reports a...
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