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Aflatoxins
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1. Introduction Nowadays, insects are considered a promising alternative protein source for use in feed and food applications in Europe. In particular, larvae of Alphitobius diaperinus (lesser mealworms, LMW) and Hermetia illucens (black soldier flies, BSF) are considered a sustainable source of high-quality protein and certain vitamins and minerals and are amongst the insect species gaining most interest for feed and food applications [1]. While national policies in several...
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INTRODUCTION The problems associated with mycotoxin contamination of grains are worldwide. Mycotoxic moulds generally attack the kernels of grain robbing the nutrients and lower the fat, protein and vitamin content of the grain. The mould also often changes the colour of the grains, the consistency/texture and often imparts an odour that causes feed refusal in animals. Aflatoxins are produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in both field and storage. Infection...
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Aflatoxins B1 and M1. Biotransformation Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by several strains of Aspergillus, basically by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus . Aspergillus is considered an “storage fungi”: a temperature of 25 O C and a water activity (wa) of 0.83-0.95 are ideal conditions for growth and mycotoxin...
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INTRODUCTION Aflatoxins belong to a group of mycotoxins produced as secondary metabolites by fungi of the Aspergillus genus, especially A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius (Kurtzman et al., 1987). No region of world escapes the problem of mycotoxins and according to Lawler and Lynch (2005) mycotoxin are estimated to affect as much as 20% of world’s crop each year. Crops grown under warm and moist weather in tropical or subtropical countries are especially more...
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Poultry industry suffers greatly from the economic losses due to the adverse effects of mycotoxicosis attributed to reduced feed intake, poor feed conversion and nutrient utilization, growth and production performance, immunosuppression and subsequently increased susceptibility to various infections (Xue et al. 2010). Aflatoxin is the most commonly occurring mycotoxin in India. Major forms of AF include B 1 , B 2 , G 1 , and G 2 , while AFB 1 is...
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INTRODUCTION Aflatoxin causes severe economic losses to the poultry industry. Aflatoxicosis that occurs from ingesting aflatoxins is characterized in broiler chickens by decreased feed intake and growth rate, poor feed utilization and mortality (Tedesco et al ., 2004; Bailey et al ., 2006; Shi et al ., 2006). Aflatoxicosis is also associated with changes in biochemical and haematological parameters (Denli et al ., 2004; Basmacioglu et...
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Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Broiler Chickens
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INTRODUCTION Feed is the major input in poultry production. Supply of high quality feed is must to obtain optimum performance. Presence of mycotoxins in feed is one of the major constraints in maintain feed quality because the mycotoxins are widely present in feedstuffs around the world and may affect production even in very low concentration. The most widespread and in most studied group of mycotoxins, aflatoxins are of great concern in warm and humid climatic conditions like...
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Introduction Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites that synthesized by a variety of fungal species and can be produced in feed, feedstuffs and foods in suitable conditions, such as moisture, temperature, oxygen and duration (Saleemi et al., 2017). The most common mycotoxin found in poultry feed and foodstuffs is aflatoxins (AFs) because it is produced rapidly and more toxic than the others (Oguz, 2016; Yalcin et al., 2017; Khatoon et al., 2017). AFs are a major concern in poultry...
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INTRODUCTION
Aflatoxins are defined as difuranocyclopentanocumarines / difuranopentanolidocumarines this contains a dihydrofuran or a tetrahydrofuran ring. One of the most important effects of post harvest decays of fruits, vegetables and especially of seed and feed deterioration by fungi is the produce of mycotoxicoses. This is a disease of animals and humans following consumption of feeds and foods invaded by fungi that produce toxic substances called...
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Dr. Raj Murugesan (Biomin) gave a comprehensive presentation on mycotoxins and the most important factors to take into account when dealing with them, during the 22nd Annual Distillers Grains Symposium in Des Moines, Iowa....
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In 2010, Kenyan authorities reported that 2.3 million bags of corn harvested in that country had been contaminated with fungal poisons known as aflatoxins. 1 These toxins—which include aflatoxin B1, the most potent naturally occurring liver carcinogen ever identified—are produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus , and they infect corn (maize), nuts, and other crops, especially during periods of drought stress and...
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Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Broiler Chickens
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Introduction Maize is an important staple food in most countries in Africa including West Africa (Shiferaw et al., 2011) where infants being weaned off mothers’ milk rely mostly on maize flour for nutrition. Maize is often invaded by Aspergillus fungal species before and after harvest and in storage. Aspergillus species are commonly found in the soil, which acts as source of primary inoculum for infecting developing maize kernels during the growing season (Horn, 2007)....
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Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi and are involved in the contamination of grains used in human and animal diets (Gimeno, 2012). When ingested in high amounts, mycotoxins can affect the health and performance of animals by decreasing their immune response and increasing their mortality rates (Murugesan et al., 2015). The most important mycotoxicoses in breeder chickens are caused by aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and...
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INTRODUCTION Aflatoxins (AF) are toxic metabolites produced by fungi, such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and are considered to be the most harmful mycotoxins as they are highly toxic to animals and humans (Kaya, 1989; Hoerr, 2003). There are six different kinds of aflatoxins: B1, B2, G1, G2, M1, M2. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is accepted as the most harmful, as well as most common metabolite in feeds and foods (Hatch, 1988). Aflatoxicosis in quails has been...
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Introduction Mycotoxin contamination of food and feed poses a serious concern for animal and human health. Aflatoxins, one of the major classes of mycotoxins, have received considerable attention, but research and regulatory efforts to mitigate the impact of aflatoxins have not resulted in satisfactory reduction of this carcinogen in the food supply. Control of this disease has been problematic, owing in part to our lack of understanding of the conditions that lead to infection...
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Introduction A preliminary survey of fungi and mycotoxin contamination of fresh and dried vegetable plants stored for sale in Nigerian markets revealed that they are suitable substrates for various fungi growth and aflatoxins contamination [1]. The fungi family have continuously raised global food safety concerns due to their ability to colonize food items and either cause physical damage or release secondary metabolites which may be toxic [2]. Fungi of the genera...
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Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Broiler Chickens
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1. Introduction Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the genus Aspergillus , mainly by species A. flavus , A. parasiticus and A. nomius . These fungi naturally grow in food products and are able to initiate a variety of toxic effects in vertebrates, including humans [1]. The prevalence of tropical climate in Brazil creates ideal conditions for the development of these fungi, mainly in cereal products [2]. The main types of...
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Introduction Livestock in countries, especially developing countries, is vital to livelihood of people and to the economy. In the developing world, livestock species often represent a sole asset base for small-holder animal husbanders and cattle often provide the majority of draught power for crop production. Nigeria has the largest animal resources in the West African...
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