Nabil Tanios

Excess of choline chloride in ration of commercial laying hens produce a refused taste of eggs, for that we can’t open the amount of choline according to fat content in liver.

The digestibility of fats &oils depend on many factors 1.the age of the bird 2.healthy microvilli in upper intestine.3.the chain length of the fatty A.4.the number of double bonds of fatty A.5.the form of fat either triglycerides or free fatty A.6.the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty A.

Ertugrul Yakisik Mash feed could enhance in older age of broilers proventriculitis by indirect ways as stasis of feeds could increase Hcl

Proventriculitis could be the causes virus eg. Reo adeno, IBD, IB virus. could be bacterial origin eg. clostridium or other causes as biogenic amines,copper sulfate toxicity and mycotoxicosis.

It is impossible at the current situations in many countries especially in the third world

I can add another important factor that is the used of the lentogenic respiratory viral vaccines, especially for ND and IB. Presence of Mycoplasma in newly hatched chicks aggravate the postvaccinal reactions even with weak live vaccine. Forementioned the use of antimycoplasma after live vaccines could alleviate one of the predisposing factors for the dilemma of complicated respiratory diseases in ...

I would add that the mentioned program can be used in some countries with many facilities for that. Developing countries with their problems everywhere especially in poultry industry cannot depend on this type of security against causative diseases like salmonellosis, E.coli and clost. We urgent use antibiotics many times due to different causes.

In spite of bivalent vaccination against Mareks disease, I agree that some cases appears and we can summarise the main causes as follows: 1. Improper handling and storage of vaccines. 2. Delay or insufficient vaccination. 3.Bad hygiene either in hatcheries or in poultry farms. 4.stressed birds e.g overcrowding,bad ventilation,omphalitis and vertical transmitted diseases. 5.Immunosuppressor factors ...