In India hand milker usually uses cold water to wash the teats and also fails to scrub the teat pore before milking. Milker is supposed to use warm water to wash the teat and rub the teat pore to dislodge any dirt accumulated. Many milkers knuckle the thumb and strip out the milk, if the teat is not lengthy especially first calver the milking is done by stripping the teat from base of teat to the tip of the teat especially in the later situation too much accumulation of blood at the teat pore causes the callus formation. When a machine is used for milking over milking or creeping up of liners can also result in such callus formation a predisposing factor for sub-clinical or clinical mastitis. In majority of milking machines it is not possible to turn off the vacuum for individual teat when the milk out flow has stopped and in few instances even without proper turning off the vacuum the cluster is removed and possibility of entry of air in to the teat cistern can be a factor to increase somatic cell count. All teat dips are not 100 percent efficient in their antiseptic properties. If a spray is used the milker may not spray 100 per cent efficiently for this reason teat dip is preferred by the dairy mangers. In India there is no suitable intramammary infusion to do DRY COW THERAPY and if the organisms can enter in to the teat cistern on the last day of milking they can remain in the udder up to 200 days (information from Hoard's dairyman) and when the resistance of the animal comes down they can cause sub clinical or clinical form of mastitis.
In India there is no suitable intramammary infusion to do DRY COW THERAPY and if the organisms can enter in to the teat cistern on the last day of milking they can remain in the udder up to 200 days (information from Hoard's dairyman) and when the resistance of the animal comes down they can cause sub clinical or clinical form of mastitis.
All these predisposing factors have to be managed to reduce somatic cell count. The other nutritional factors and stimulating the immunity system are required to reduce somatic cell count. Vaccinations unless they are done in late pregnancy followed by booster vaccination dose and at specified subsequent intervals it is not worth.
Estrogen is required for the muscular strength of myoepithelial contraction and for the milk ducts while progesterone has a role on the secretary tissue of udder. Estrogen is required for the muscular tissue of uterus especially in pregnancy for the hypertrophy of muscular fibers and progesterone for the uterine endometrial secretions. Clinically it is well documented when the uterus is infected there is a drop in milk production. In sub clinical and chronic clinical mastitis condition animals do become repeat breeders. The flux of these two hormones may have a role in somatic cell count.
Best Regards,
V.N.Viswanatha Reddy
Hi Leona, This salt is usually available with the firms dealing with chemicals ( NOT MEDICINS AS CHEMISTS DO). This salt should be used @ 30gms dissolved in about 250ml of tap water and given once daily as a drench. Usually the recovery depends on the severity of the disease and is resolved in 3-5 days. However, in acute and or/recurrent cases of mastitis the preferable treatment is through I/V initially as 5% solution in sterille normal saline @ 50ml morning and evening and then followed by oral dose, if required, for one or two days for complete cure. I would rquest you to please contact me after giving this treatment to your animals for my information.
Regards Jasmer
Hi,
The increase in SCC of milk is directly responsible for the increase in the pH of milk in the udder ( normal pH of udder milk is ~6.5 while that of mastitic milk usually ranges from 7.0-9.0). The modus operandi of SCC has already been explained in our article Pathobiology, etiology and treatment of mastitis in Engormix.com. Administration of tri-Sodium citrate @ 30gm daily orally in water or a 5% sterille solution of this salt in normal saline I/V clears the infection from the udder and the SCC is lowered automatically. This happens due to the equiliberation of the Ca++ and H+ in the udder due to citrate administeration which regulates the normal pH (~6.5) of udder and scavenges off the infectious agents due to acidic medium.
Therefore, always check the pH of udder milk as a routine to monitor the SCC and proceeed for its control. The pH can be easily and economocally checked on the spot by graded pH papers or by a simple pen-pH meter. Furthermore, the Citrate content of udder milk (range 130-180 mg /100ml) should be determined regularly at times from animals at the farm and replenished whenever required.
K S Dhillon and Jasmer Singh
Excellent article with comprehensive analysis. we have tried a different approach to reduce somatic cell count in milk during advance subclinical / clinical mastitis. We know that conventional treatment using systemic and intra-mammary antibiotics have some limitations. like risk of antibiotic residues and withdrawal period. We have used therapy that activates and strengthens "Natural Defense Mechanism" of the udder system using Non-antibiotic polyherbal gel "Mastilep" with Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Antimicrobial actions with Boosting of local immunity. Recently 5 dairy cow wereTested using this polyherbal gel just by two times topical application on the udder. they after 5 days report came that stiffness and congelation (+++) became very normal. After few days when they cheked the Somatic Cell count it was 1.4 X 10^5 where as earlier it was more than 6X 10^5. Please note that in Japan milk having less than 3X10^5 SCC will fetch premium price where as farmers have to give penalty when SCC is more than 3.
This is with reference to Peter James Lester comment:
The balance of electrolytes is main componant, conjugated with protein and energy requirement to reduce SSC. When a group of animals are subjected we have to group animals on their growth (in first calvers), production and reproduction status. All nutrients have to come in to feed or fodder through soil. We suppliment to few animals Vitamin E and Selenium or bypass fat and get good results (experimentally not possible to include large number of animals). How much it costs per animal? We have to adopt for all stages of milking animals and looking in to the economics of an agricultural farmer who maintains 1 to 4 animals (he is the major contributor for milk production in India) our purpose gets defeated as he says it is not economical and the buyer is not accepting milk on SSC basis. Our knowledge we will be of use for future generations when a buyer demands for the quality milk towards that we do research, keeping in mind the health of the animal.
Our dairy farmers are not getting analysis of soil, feed stuffs and fodders (their composition may vary from season to season). As Dr. Peter James Lester said by adopting a feed amalgamation computer program, and carry out our experiments and the resluts are conveyed from lab to land we will be helping an average dairy farmer of India.
It is a request to Dr.Peter James Lester to inform the cost of the program he has developed so that we can inform the interested large dairy farmers, sheep farmers, veterinary colleges, Livestock research institutions in India for future course of action.
V.N.Viswanatha reddy,
Former Professor of Animal Reproduction,
Veterinary college, Bangalore, INDIA
Dr Micheal
The objective of the article is good and well explained to get maximum benefit out of milk production units. However, the modus operandi of rising SCC in milk is of great concern and needs some more explaination as to why this rise occurs and degrades the quality of milk? First of all we should know why the influx of leukocytes into milk is triggred. I would like to unravel the situation of this mechanism breifly as below:
During lactation the tight junctions between blood and milk remain closed thus there is no migration of constituents of milk and blood from either side. The normal pH of milk is ~6.50 and that of blood is 7.40 in dairy animals(cow and buffalo). The normal pH of milk in udder is maintained by Citrate through its buffering effect by equiliberating the Ca2+ and H+ throughout lactation. The other function of citrate in udder is sequestration of Ca++ which prevents its clumping and preserves the fluidity of milk. Whenever there is any disturbance in the synthesis of citrate in the udder the whole system goes haywire and calcium forms flakes which behave like Lime and injures the secretory epithelium. Due to injury thus inflicted by calcium there is swelling of the sorrounding areas of the udder resulting in leaky tight junctions. This leakage prompts the exchange of ions as Na, K, Cl, Hco3, Ctrate etc., between milk and blood bringing the pH of milk equal to that of blood i.e., alkaline(7.20 or even higher). The lesion in the udder created by calcium and alkaline pH of milk provides most conducive environments for the estabilishment of environmental organisms setting-up infetioous mastitis. Thereafter, the body defense is triggered driving inflammatory cells to the site of infection through compromised leaky tight junctions and an explosive inflammatory reaction ensues with involvement of immunological events. This whole mechanism occurs very fast culminating into varying degrees of mastitis which manifest as high SCC in milk. The other biomarkers of this episode are high milk pH with relative lowered cocentration of Citrate along with other clinical signs of Mastitis.
We have cured such cases of mastitis in cows and buffaloes effectively with the replenishment of Citrate deficiency by administering tri-Sodium citrate orally or I/V(For details See our article " Pathobiology, etiology and treatment of mastatis in buffalo by KS Dhillon and Jasmer Singh in Technical articles of ergonomix.com).On the basis of our research and by many others on this subject some Pharmaceuticals have marketed their products with tri-Sodium citrate as the main ingredient for the prevention and treatment of mastitis in dairy animals and currently being used most succesfuly in the field.
KS Dhillon and Jasmer Singh (Rtd. Profs. PAU Ludhiana).