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Mycotoxins in dairy cattle
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Mycotoxins are well known for their effects on monogastric animals. Ruminants, until recently, were considered 'protected' against this problem through the detoxification action of rumen flora. However, due to the possible aflatoxin M1 (metabolite of the AFB1), contamination of milk for human consumption, almost all countries worldwide have adopted registrations on this carcinogenic component. There are also more and more scientific publications highlighting the...
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In my visits to farms in Michigan, I have heard a lot of concerns about toxins. The intention of this paper is to present some existent information about mycotoxins related to dairy cattle. The name mycotoxin combines the Greek word for fungus 'mykes' and the Latin word 'toxicum' meaning poison. 'St Anthony's fire' was one of the earliest recognized diseases caused by mycotoxins well known by the end of the first...
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Mycotoxins semiannual survey of mycotoxin in feed in 2023 Taiwan - Second Half
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Introduction A recent study of two dairy farms in Mexico showed that cows fed Calibrin-Z increased milk yield, decreased somatic cell counts and exhibited overall health improvements. Farm Management and Practices Two dairy farms located in Torreon, State of Coahuila Mexico were used in the study. Each farm had approximately 1,175 lactating cows....
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From the toxicological and economical point of view, five mycotoxin groups are currently significant worldwide. These are aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, produced mainly in storage conditions by Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi, and trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fumonisins produced by Fusarium species, contaminating cereals in the fields. Depending on dosage and exposition time to mycotoxins, animals' intoxication may be acute, caused by high doses of mycotoxins...
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1 .- INTRODUCTION
Mycotoxins are generally toxic secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic strains of some genera of molds. In particular, mycotoxins are polyketones compounds resulting from condensation reactions produced under specific physical, chemical and biological conditions that occur when the reduction of the ketone groups in the biosynthesis of the fatty acids, carried out by the molds, is...
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Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Broiler Chickens
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Hilmar Gerhardt from Biomin was present at Dairy Focus Asia 2010 and gave a lecture about the effects of mycotoxins in dairy. ...
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Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites that can reduce performance and alter metabolism of livestock and poultry (Wannemacher et al., 1991). The pathological states arising from the consumption of feeds contaminated with mycotoxins are referred to as mycotoxicoses. Mycotoxins can be formed in the field preharvest and may continue to be formed under suboptimal storage conditions post-harvest. High moisture content often predisposes feedstuffs to fungal growth and mycotoxin formation....
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Mycotoxins semiannual survey of mycotoxin in feed in 2023 Taiwan - Second Half
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An Unidentified disease characterized by hypersensitivity, incoordination, a peculiar stiff-legged gait of the hind legs, severe generalized tumors of the skeletal muscles, progressive paresis, paralysis and constipation and death was reported in a cattle herd of 82 in Kathmandu valley which was maintained in moldy rice straw feeding. The most notable gross pathological lesions in one bull and two cows which died were degenerative and necrotic changes in...
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The primary objective of dairy farmers is to optimize milk production and remain profitable over the long term. This isn’t simple given the volatility of the feed markets, milk prices, changing consumer preferences, and other...
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Introduction Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi (molds). Secondary metabolites are chemicals produced by the fungus that are not essential for growth. Mycotoxins are chemically diverse, represent a variety of chemical families, and range in molecular weight from c. 200 to 500. A practical definition of a mycotoxin is a fungal metabolite that causes an undesirable effect in exposed animals. The undesirable effect or disease caused by a mycotoxin is a...
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Certain kinds of molds in feedstuffs are a periodic problem to livestock producers, although many molds are quite beneficial to the well-being of man. Penicillin, soya sauce, and roquefort cheese are examples of products derived from beneficial molds. Therefore, all molds must not be considered undesirable, but rather should be judged on the basis of the individual mold and its habitat. Mycotoxins are the poisonous substances that can be produced by certain molds under certain...
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Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Broiler Chickens
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The aim of this study was to determine the mycoflora and evaluate the presence of aXatoxins and ochratoxins in brewers grain used to feed dairy cattle in the State of Bahia. Twenty samples of brewers grain were collected each trimester, during a whole year, in five properties located in cities of the “recôncavo baiano” (Bahia, Brazil) for a total of 80 samples. Samples were analyzed for aflatoxins and ochratoxins by fluorimetry with immunoaffinity columns. Aspergillus was the most frequently...
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A priority list of mycotoxins was subjectively produced by a survey of mycotoxicologists worldwide and included: aflatoxin, ochratoxin, trichothecenes (primarily T-2 toxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, citrinin, sterigmatocystin, patulin, and cyclopiazonic acid (Hesseltine, 1986a). Fumonisin was identified after this list was compiled (Gelderblom et al., 1988), but undoubtedly it would be included in a current list. The mycotoxicoses which may be most commonly associated with grazing...
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Mycotoxins semiannual survey of mycotoxin in feed in 2023 Taiwan - Second Half
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In order to evaluate the impact of mycotoxins on performance and health of the animals, feeding trials under realistic conditions have to be carried out. Field studies reflect the real situation and provide reliable results...
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"Differences of opinion exist regarding the role of molds and mycotoxins in livestock problems basically because their effects on animal health and production are still in a grey area". (Seglar & Mahanna, 1995). "Mycotoxins can have a very pervasive, yet subclinical effect on both performance and health in ruminants that can easily go unnoticed. If you wait until clinical symptoms of mycotoxin problems are obvious, you no doubt waited too long". (Eng,...
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The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship started screening milk for aflatoxin on Nov. 1. In a memo to dairy producers in northwest and southwest Iowa, ag secretary Bill Northey said that severe weather and drought in their areas have raised concerns about the possibility of aflatoxin in corn. "Of particular concern is the corn and silage that is fed to dairy cows due to the possibility that the aflatoxin will pass through the cows and go into milk," ...
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Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is the most widely grown perennial, cool-season forage grass in the United States and the most abundant forage grass in the southeastern US. Tall fescue is adapted to a wide array of environments but dominates the transition zone between the northern and southern regions of the eastern US. Hoveland (1993) indicated that of 21 states surveyed, tall fescue was used primarily for hay and pasture, with 8.5 million cattle and 688,000 horses grazing...
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Effects of Deoxynivalenol-Contaminated Diets on Metabolic and Immunological Parameters in Broiler Chickens
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Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is the most important cool season perennial grass used as a forage throughout the southeastern United States. It is able to withstand arid conditions mainly due to the fungal endophyte Acremonium coenophialum that infects most tall fescue. While the endophyte is beneficial to the plant, the toxins it produces have negative effects on the health and performance of grazing animals and result in a condition known as fescue toxicosis. Current...
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Tall fescue and perennial ryegrass possess agronomic characteristics that make them two of the most prominent grasses used for livestock production in the world. However, they contain Acremonium coenophialum and Acremonium lolii endophytes, respectively, that can negatively affect animal productivity. Although agronomic alternatives have been developed to dilute or eliminate the toxic effects of these fungal endophytes, research efforts continue towards alleviation of some, or all, of the...
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