I. Introduction
Grains are the major energy sources in broiler diets. However, they also supply about 40% of the total dietary protein and contribute significantly to the provision of some indispensable amino acids (IAA; Szczurek et al., 2020). Despite the low protein content in maize, owing to its higher inclusion levels (50-70%) it may contribute approximately up to one third of the protein requirement of broilers. The inclusion of barley in poultry diets remains limited because of relatively low metabolisable energy, high content of fibre and high soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) contents (Jacob and Pescatore, 2012). Because of their viscous nature, the water-soluble fractions of NSP in barley exert a negative impact on the digestion and absorption of nutrients, including amino acids (AA; Choct and Annison, 1992). Despite the potential effects of age, only sporadic and inconsistent data exist on the age influence on AA digestibility of ingredients in broilers (Fonolla et al., 1981; Huang et al., 2005). Although several studies (Bryden et al., 2009) have reported the ileal digestibility of AA in a range of feed ingredients, only a few (Adedokun et al., 2007; 2008; Szczurek et al., 2020) exist on the age-related standardised AA digestibility and the data are limited to two or three specific broiler ages. To the authors' knowledge, no studies have investigated the standardised ileal digestibility coefficients (SIDC) of AA in maize and barley from hatching to the end of growth cycle of commercial broilers. The current study was designed to determine the SIDC AA in maize and barley at six different ages (days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and, 42 posthatch) of broilers.
II. Materials and methods
Two experimental diets were developed with similar inclusions (938 g/kg) of either maize or barley as the only source of AA in the diet. The diets were steam-conditioned at 70 ºC for 30 seconds and pelleted. Titanium dioxide (5 g/kg) was incorporated in both diets as an indigestible marker. A total of 696, one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were raised in floor pens and fed a commercial broiler starter diet from days 1 to 21 and a commercial broiler finisher diet from days 22 to 42 in pelleted form. On day 1, 168 chicks were individually weighed, and allocated to 12 cages (14 chicks per cage). The remaining chicks were allocated to 12 cages for ileal AA digestibility determination at 5 different ages, namely day 7 (12 birds per cage), day 14 (10 birds per cage), day 21 (8 birds per cage), day 28 (8 birds per cage), and day 35 (6 birds per cage). The test diets were offered for 4 days [days 3-7 and 10-14 (crumbled); days 17-21, 24-28, 31-35, and 38-42 (pelleted)] prior to ileal digesta collection. On days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42, all birds were euthanised by intravenous injection of sodium pentobarbitone and the digesta were collected from the lower half of the ileum and pooled within a cage. Representative diet and digesta samples were analysed for dry matter, titanium, N and AA. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficients (AIDC) data were standardised using the basal endogenous N and AA (EAA) losses measured in a previous study at different ages (days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42) of broilers (Barua et al., 2021). Data were analysed by the GLM procedure of SAS and differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were performed to determine the linear and quadratic effects of age.
III. Results and discussion
The influence of broiler age on SIDC of N and AA in maize and barley is presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. The SIDC of N in maize was unaffected (P > 0.05) by age. Bird age, however, quadratically influenced the average SIDC of IAA (P < 0.002) and total AA (TAA; P < 0.05). A linear effect (P < 0.05) was observed in the SIDC of dispensable AA (DAA). The highest values were recorded on day 7, then declining on day 14, increasing to day 21 and plateauing to day 35, followed by a decrease on day 42. Except for Thr (P > 0.05), the SIDC of all individual IAA and DAA was influenced (linear or quadratic; P < 0.05 to < 0.001) by broiler age. In barley, the SIDC of N, average SIDC of IAA, DAA and TAA increased quadratically with advancing age of broilers (P < 0.001). The values increased from days 7 to 21, and then plateaued until day 42. The average SIDC of TAA in barley at day 7 was 16.4% lower than day 14, 25.0% lower than day 21, and 23.4% lower than the average from days 28 to 42. The SIDC of individual AA in barley increased (quadratic; P < 0.05 to 0.001) with bird age. The increase in SIDC AA in barley by age agrees with previous findings. Szczurek et al. (2020) determined the AA digestibility in barley in broilers at days 14 vs. 28 post-hatch and found that the SIDC of the AA in barley was higher at day 28.
Table 1 - Standardised ileal digestibility coefficients1 of nitrogen (N) and amino acids of maize at different ages of broilers2
In the SIDC calculations, the AIDC were corrected for the basal EAA losses from various digestive secretions, pancreatic and enzymatic secretions (Ravindran, 2021) and unsurprisingly these two values were different with SIDC being higher. In this study, age appropriate EAA flows were used to standardise the apparent digestibility estimates (Barua et al., 2021). The basal EAA losses of TAA at day 7 (12.93 g/kg dry matter intake; DMI) was twice than that of the average of days 14 to 35 (6.19 g/kg DMI), and almost three times higher than day 42 (4.48 g/kg DMI). After correcting for age appropriate EAA, an increase of 32.5% in the average SIDC of TAA at d 7 was observed in maize that was almost two times higher compared to that from days 14 to 35 (13.9-17.0%), and three times more than the increase at day 42 (9.85%). Similar to maize, the average SIDC of TAA in barley at day 7 was 31.5% higher than the average AIDC of TAA, which decreased to 7.17% at day 42. Among the individual AA in barley, the lowest SIDC was recorded for Lys at d 7 mainly due to very low AIDC Lys at this age. Correction for the EAA losses, did not uplift the SIDC Lys to the same extent of other AA because of low endogenous Lys losses at d 7 (Barua et al., 2021). The exact reasons for the observed age effects on AA digestibility are intricate and complicated by the interactions among a multitude of factors including the ingredient type (Huang et al., 2005), digestive tract development, secretion, and activity of proteolytic enzymes (Nitsan et al., 1991), EAA flows (Barua et al., 2021), digesta passage rate and activity of intestinal microbiome at different ages. Overall, the current findings suggest that the age influence on AA digestibility is dependent on grain type and specific AA. The SIDC of AA in maize and barley are influenced by broiler age and that the age effect on AA digestibility may need to be considered for precise feed formulation.
Table 2 - Standardised ileal digestibility coefficients1 of nitrogen (N) and amino acids of barley at different ages of broilers2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We acknowledge AgriFutures Australian Chicken Meat Program for funding the project, and Preethi Ramesh, AMINOLab EMSEA, Singapore for AA analyses.
Presented at the 33th Annual Australian Poultry Science Symposium 2022. For information on the next edition, click here. 
