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Swine influenza
Swine influenza is a highly contagious viral infection of pigs. The disease in swine occurs within a herd either as an epizootic or enzootic form. In the epizootic form, the virus quickly moves through all phases of a swine unit with rapid recovery, provided there are not complicating factors such as secondary bacterial infections. In the enzootic form, clinical signs may be less obvious and not all pigs may demonstrate traditional clinical signs of infection. Morbidity rates can reach 100% with swine influenza infections, while mortality rates are generally low. The primary economic impact is related to retarded weight gain resulting in an increase in the number of days to reach market weight.
Swine influenza is caused by influenza A viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae. Influenza A viruses are further characterised by subtype by the two major surface glycoproteins, haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. One relatively stable subtype, H1N1, was the etiologic agent of most swine influenza until the mid-1990s, and has been the strain historically most commonly associated with “classical swine influenza”. Since that time, established swine influenza viruses comprise various subtypes and variants, many of which are the result of substantial reassortment between influenza A viruses of several hosts. Currently circulating influenza viruses infecting swine also include genetic components, or entire viruses, of avian and human influenza viruses.
The most common subtypes of influenza virus in swine are H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2. Despite the same subtype classification, swine influenza viruses in Europe and the United States of America (USA) are genetically distinct. H3N1 influenza viruses have also been isolated from pigs in the USA and Korea (Rep. of), and H2N3 influenza viruses were detected in pigs in the USA but have not apparently become established in the pig population.
Outbreaks of avian and swine influenza, as well as African swine fever in Asia, are forcing scientists to reevaluate and redirect their research towards a stronger strengthening of the immune system through nutrition. Immunonutrition is the study of the relationship between...
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1. Introduction In April 2009, Edgar Hernández, a four year-old boy from La Gloria, El Perote in Veracruz, Mexico, was declared the first human infected with a new kind of virus that caused a type of pneumonia or severe flu. Within a few days, other residents from the same community presented the symptoms of the new disease. Since the village is 8.5 kilometers far from Carroll Farms –a subsidiary of Smithfield Foods, one of the major US swine producer–, it was...
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Introduction Globalization has played an important role in the dissemination of diseases because it allows the mobilization of people, animals and products from one place to another in a short time1. In addition, population growth, deforestation, the introduction of exotic species, changes in land use, habitat fragmentation and alternative tourism have increased the possibility of contact with wild animals, and their consumption by human2. Interactions within the human-animal...
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Cross-species infections with influenza A viruses readily occur between humans and pigs. Pigs often have been infected by human epidemic viruses (1), and swine workers and their family members are at increased risk for swine influenza virus (SIV) infection (2–4). We studied swine shows as a setting for influenza A virus transmission (5). The Study ...
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Introduction Swine influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by swine influenza viruses (SIV). The symptoms and signs generally include fever, sneezing, nasal rattles, and respiratory distress in pigs. Pigs recover within a few days, but severe signs can develop and mortality can reach up to 10%when highly virulent strains are involved [1] or pigs are infected at young ages [2,3]. Pigs have long been considered to be the intermediate host of various subtype viruses and...
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Influenza A virus has become a major pathogen, causing epidemics of respiratory disease in humans, which not only result in increased deaths but also raise public health organization alarms regarding the need for further understanding and control of this virus (1). Additionally, the ability of the virus to cross species barriers has raised more concern over the probability of reassortment and generation of highly transmissible viruses that might pose a threat to...
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Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are the etiologic agents of acute respiratory disease in many mammalian species. Although originating in wild aquatic birds, IAVs have been successful in crossing the species barrier, and specific subtypes have become endemic among humans and domestic swine populations (1). In the United States, influenza was first described in swine herds during the 1918 pandemic and has circulated among domestic pigs for nearly a century (2). The...
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Introduction Influenza A virus (IAV) causes significant epidemics of respiratory disease in humans that result in human deaths and raise public health concerns that require a deeper understanding of IAV epidemiology and control. IAV is shared among animals and people and novel viruses capable of causing pandemics are the result of reassortant viruses from different species....
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Introduction Among all infectious agents, those transmitted through aerosols are the most difficult to control [1]. The speed of dispersion of airborne infectious agents makes them hard to contain and protect against, and the wide reach of susceptible hosts makes the control of airborne pathogens a priority for public and animal health officials. ...
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Introduction Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are Orthomixoviruses able to infect many animal species including birds, pigs and humans [1]. The segmented genome of IAVs allows the exchange of gene segments between IAVs during infection and replication [2] facilitating the emergence of novel IAV reassortants with pandemic potential. The 2009 pandemic IAV contained genes from swine...
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Lost in the Market Uncertainty Caused by the Outbreak
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The A (H1N1) pdm09 influenza pandemic and, most recently, the A(H3N2) variant outbreak in several areas of the USA are examples of swine influenza viruses infecting humans. These cases highlight the need for reliable and rapid diagnostic tests to elucidate the epidemiology and evolution of swine influenza viruses (Smith and others 2009, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2012a, b, c). Currently, there are numerous commercial kits based on...
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Swine Influenza Virus (SIV) is known to be a primary respiratory pathogen for swine inducing typical lung lesions. In Europe and in Italy subtypes H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2 are almost endemic in many pig producing areas although with different prevalences in different countries in different times. In most of the cases SIV induces an acute infection of the respiratory tract whose consequences are depending on the “intrinsec pathogenicity/virulence” of a...
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Importance of studying transmission Infectious diseases continue to have considerable impact on the health and well-being of individual animals and populations and on profitability of individual farms. Most commonly, frequency is measured by evaluating prevalence of infectious agents or evidence of exposure to them. Under certain conditions, incidence could also be calculated. However, for infectious diseases, it is also...
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1 Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America, 2 University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America, 3 Pipestone Veterinary Clinic, Pipestone, Minnesota, United States of America Citation: Corzo CA, Culhane M, Dee S, Morrison RB, Torremorell M...
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Introduction Influenza A virus infections (flu) in swine cause respiratory disease and decreased growth performance (Olsen et al., 2006). Different studies have demonstrated that flu is widespread in swine throughout the world, and the constant risk of virus transmission, especially to humans (Maes et al., 2000; Jung et al., 2002; Hayden and Croisier, 2005; Maldonado et al., 2006; Myers et al., 2007; Poljak et al., 2008), calls for the need to...
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Introduction During the period of 1976-2007, 1.4 to 16.7 deaths per 100,000 persons were influenza-associated in the United States each year [1]. In addition to the significant mortality and morbidity associated with influenza virus in the human population, influenza A virus (IAV) is a common pathogen in many animal species, including pigs. Influenza virus has been considered widespread in the United States pig population since first described...
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*Harrisvaccines, Inc.; †AlphaVax, Inc; ‡Harrisvaccines Inc., Ames, IA; §University of Kentucky, Livestock Disease Diagnostic Center; #Alphavax Human Vaccines; **Alphavax; ††AlphaVax Human Vaccines; §§AlphaVax and ¶¶ Iowa State University Accepted October 29, 2009 Abstract ...
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Disease surveillance is supported by USAID's Emerging Pandemic Threats programme
FAO recently launched projects in four Asian countries to step up defenses against influenza by moving beyond a focus on domestic poultry to instead address a range of threats posed by the ever closer mingling of humans, wild...
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Introduction Influenza viruses are enveloped, single stranded RNA viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae . The genome of influenza A viruses consists of eight unique segments of single-stranded RNA, which are of negative polarity (Webster et al ., 1992). The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are very important for the induction of an antibody response in the host, but...
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