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Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) was first reported in the USA in 1987. Since then, outbreaks of PRRS and successful isolation of the virus have been confirmed throughout North America, Asia, South America, Africa, and Europe.
The etiologic agent of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is a virus in the group Arteriviridae. The virus is enveloped and ranges in size from 45 to 80 mm. Inactivation is possible after treatment with ether or chloroform; however, the virus is very stable under freezing conditions, retaining its infectivity for 4 months at -70°C (-94°F). As the temperature rises, infectivity is reduced (15–20 minutes at 56°C [132.8°F]).
After infection of a naive herd, exposure of all members of the breeding population is inconsistent, leading to development of naive, exposed, and persistently infected subpopulations of sows. This situation is exacerbated over time through the addition of improperly acclimated replacement gilts and leads to shedding of the virus from carrier animals to those that have not been previously exposed.
The primary vector for transmission of the virus is the infected pig and contaminated semen. Controlled studies have indicated that infected swine may be long-term carriers, with adults able to shed PRRS virus for up to 86 days after infection, and weaned pigs able to harbor virus for 157 days. Experimentally infected boars can shed virus in the semen up to 93 days after infection.
1 Introduction More than 30 years after its emergence, the Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remains one of the leading causes of economic losses and mortality in the global swine industry. For both PRRSV species, PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2, infection of pregnant sows has been shown to cause abortions, fetal mummifications and stillbirths (1). Furthermore, infection of sows in late pregnancy can result in vertical transmission and the birth of viremic piglets that...
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This article explores the alarming link between swine manure management practices — specifically pit/lagoon agitation and emptying — and the occurrence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) outbreaks.
The study, conducted between July 2019 and June 2020 and collecting data from 150 affected sow farms, demonstrates a definitive temporal relationship between these practices and the probability of reporting a PRRS outbreak. Authors Carles Vilalta,...
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is a highly challenging and complex viral disease that severely affects both the reproductive and respiratory systems of pigs. PRRS leads to significant economic losses in pig industries worldwide due to decreased productivity, increased mortality, and costly control...
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Introduction: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes respiratory disease in nursery and grow-finisher pigs and reproductive failure in sows and boars 1 . PRRSV-infected pigs usually suffer from poor growth performance and are highly susceptible to co- or secondary bacterial and other viral infections 2 . PRRSV was first isolated in Korea in 1994 and all PRRSV isolates corresponded to the Type Ⅱ until 2000,...
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Introduction: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRS) can decrease growth and cause infertility and abortion in adult pigs. This study was conducted to further understand the risk associated with PRRS transmission/movement at the lairage facility. Materials and Methods: A contact model for the unloading dock was employed using a 68L plastic tub. The model dock was contaminated with a mixture of 1L of PRRS and PEDV-negative manure and...
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Introduction: PRRSV outbreaks have recently been described in several boar studs in Germany, though only a few farrowing farms have observed clinical signs. In the present study, 14 farrowing farms with different vaccination schemes were included that reported severe clinical infection after insemination with PRRSV-contaminated semen. For these 14 farms, the PRRSV infection status was recorded one year after the initial outbreak, taking into account their vaccination...
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Introduction: Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (HP-PRRS) is currently widespread in China and several Southeast Asian countries. Management, biosecurity and vaccination have been used to encountered with PRRS virus outbreaks. However, immune evasion strategies and various antigenic heterogeneities of the causative viruses could hamper those strategies. Nowadays, successful controlling procedures are still limitED. One of the alternative ways to...
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Introduction: Wasting of post-weaning piglets is a problem of global pig farming. The most important viral diseases linked to this problem in Mexico are porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-systemic disease, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and blue eye disease (BED); the latter, is only present in Mexico. These diseases cause great economic losses and predispose to the development of co-infections, mainly with bacteria. The objective of this work was to...
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Introduction: An atypical and highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (HP-PRRS) variant has occurred in China and Southeast Asia. This disease was characterized by a high fever of above 41˚C, anorexia, red discoloration of the ears (blue ear) and high mortality in pigs of all ages. Recently, it has reported that macrolide antibiotics may have an anti-viral effect on PRRSV. We previously demonstrated that the macrolide antibiotic, tylvalosin...
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Introduction: The Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSv) is a disease endemic on most porcine herds causing significant economic impact in the pig sector. Two genotypes were identified nearly simultaneously in Europe and the USA with antigenic differences that lead to two distinct genotypes: the European type (genotype 1) and the North American type (genotype 2). Materials and Methods: The PRRSv infection status has been followed...
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Introduction: High mortalities are sometimes observed in pigs exposed to PRRSv, even when vaccination is administered. Vaccination protocols at only half the label dose of modified live PRRS vaccine are used infrequently in the field to reduce production costs. Half dosing PRRS vaccine may lead to more variation in the protective immune response to field virus PRRS infections when faced with highly pathogenic strains and/or early exposure compared to a full dose of modified live...
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Introduction: A porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) restriction fragment length polymorphism pattern of 1-7-4 emerged in North Carolina in 2014. The highly virulent nature of the virus was evidenced by a wide-ranging loss of production in breeding herds regardless of prior PRRS immune status. Mitigation of risks associated with introduction of PRRS naïve replacement gilts into a breeding herd has been attempted with vaccination or intentional...
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Introduction: Vaccination is one of the effective methods to control boar from PRRSV infection in China. But, many people are hesitant to vaccinate boars because they worried vaccination could affect boar semen quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a PRRS modified live vaccine (Ingelvac® PRRS MLV) on boar semen quality to provide a reference basis for PRRS boar vaccination. Materials and Methods: The trial was carried out in...
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Introduction: Because of presumed side effects, Dutch farmers are often unwilling to vaccinate sows in first month and in the last weeks of gestation. In 2015 a new PRRS vaccine for sows is introduced for the Dutch market (ReproCyc® PRRS EU, Boehringer Ingelheim), which is recommended to use in 3 to 4 mass vaccinations of the sows per year. This is an evaluation of adverse reactions after mass vaccination of sows with ReproCyc PRRS EU under field...
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Introduction: A 3000 sow SPF GGP farm was infected by PRRS virus in August 2014 with severe clinical signs. The eradication process has started in 3 months. Materials and Methods: The eradication has been done by herd closure on the sow farm and partial depopulation on the rearing farm. Strong internal biosecurity measures were introduced on the farm. The farm started 3-week batch system to help clear the virus from the farrowing rooms and to make AIAO in the...
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Introduction: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is characterized by late abortion and early farrowing in sows. In 2006, highly pathogenic PRRS (HP-PRRS) was occurred and posed a great concern to the global swine industry. Highly incidence of reproductive failures induced by HP-PRRS compared to typical type PRRS were reported. However, differences between HP- and typical PRRS in reproductive failure are not clear. The aim of this study was to compare the...
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1. Introduction The agricultural sector is currently facing significant challenges, with health considerations, such as increasing pressure due to antibiotic restrictions and the need to ensure the welfare and sustainability of livestock farming, being of paramount importance. Consequently, the implementation of intelligent biosecurity (IB) is non-negotiable since it is clear, as stated by Capper [1], that we will not move towards a better industry if we do not eliminate the diseases...
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1. Introduction The swine industry is continually working to improve all aspects of pork production; the development of efficient, yet diagnostically sensitive, disease detection and surveil lance methods is a significant part of this ongoing effort. First described in 2008 for the surveillance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) [1,2], pen-based oral fluids are widely used because of the reduced labor and cost...
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1. Introduction Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), a globally significant disease of pigs, is caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) [1]. Infection of breeding female swine with PRRSV results in reduced animal welfare, poor reproductive performance, and significant economic loss to farmers [2]. To control PRRS, PRRSV entry into breeding herds must be prevented through the application of a comprehensive, science-based plan of...
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Introduction: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) are two costly diseases affecting the swine industry. Veterinarians have developed strategies to control and eliminate these diseases, however, the risk of re-infection remains high as proven by the recent epidemic of PED in America. A PRRS and PED regional control program was established in the central northwestern part of Colombia. As part of this project, production animal...
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