Mikayla Francis Ann Baxter

INTRODUCTIONThe domestic chicken has been an essential animal model and constitutes a remarkable source of high-quality protein for humans (Stern, 2005). Within the last 60 years, genetics of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) have been able to create a bird that reaches commercial body weight in 5 weeks (Burt, 2007). Unfortunately, with this astonishing genetic development, other dis ...

1. IntroductionIn the poultry industry, enteric bacterial pathogens pose a threat to intestinal health and can contribute to the transmission of zoonotic diseases [1,2], increased mortality in poultry flocks, reduced feed efficiency, decreased rate of body weight gain and, therefore, increase in total production costs [3,4]. Salmonella infection and necrotic enteritis (NE) produced by Clostridium ...

Humic acids (HA) are a principal component of humic substances in organic constituents of soil, compost and coal; however, HA are also an important organic component in streams, lakes, and oceans (Lehmann and Kleber, 2015). Humic acids are produced by biodegradation of organic matter, hence they are a complex mixture of many different acids containing carboxyl and phenolate groups (Pandey et al., ...

INTRODUCTIONFluoroquinolones are the third generation of quinolone development. Nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid are examples of the first generation and currently have limited activity against Gram-negative bacteria. Fluorinated 4-quinolones were introduced to the market in the 1980s and were the top of the line antibiotics, offering a broad spectrum of activity and high efficacy in a wide range ...