Ahmed Elbestawy

1. INTRODUCTIONAvian nephritis virus (ANV) is an etiological agent of growth retardation of young chickens by causing interstitial nephritis (Imada et al., 1979). Antibodies against ANV have been found in chicken and turkey flocks in the UK and Japan, suggesting a broad distribution (Nicholas et al., 1988; Takase et al., 2000).It is originally considered to be a picornavirus, was later characteriz ...

1. INTRODUCTIONAvian influenza virus (AIV) infects different types of birds, including chickens, causing respiratory or systemic diseases that vary in severity and cause heavy losses to the poultry industry in the world (Goudrazi et al., 2013). This disease is caused by type A influenza virus that belong to family Orthomyxoviridae. To date, 18 H subtypes have been recognized (H1 to H18) and 11 N s ...

1. INTRODUCTION:Gallibacterium anatis is now considered to be an important bacterial disease responsible for decreased egg production in commercial layers, since it causes pathological changes in the reproductive tract and causes also respiratory manifestations in commercial broilers (Bojesen et al., 2003).Gallibacterium was recently established as a new genus within the family Pasteurellaceae Poh ...