phd.nawfal

The brooding area of most broiler houses requires a heating system capable of providing between 40 and 60 Btu's/hr to maintain an air temperature in the low 90's during cold weather. For instance, a 54' X 250' brooding area would typically require a heating system capable of producing between 675,000 BTU/hr (54' X 250' X 40 BTU/hr = 540,000 BTU/hr) and 810,000 BTU/hr (54 ...

1. IntroductionThe poultry industry in the United States is one of the largest food industries worldwide, and chickens are commonly reared for meat production [1]. Annually, this industry generates over 10 million tons of litter to accommodate the growing number of birds necessary to meet consumer demands [2]. The poultry industry is faced with numerous challenges, the focal point being the issue ...

Introduction to ImmunityImmunity refers to the body's ability to resist or defend against infections, diseases, and other unwanted biological invasions. There are two main types of immunity.Innate immunity is the host's first line of defense against invading pathogens but some pathogens particularly immunosuppressive viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to evade the host's inn ...

Cottonseed meal (CSM) is a by-product of oil extraction from cotton seeds and is a moderately rich source of protein (30.2-56 %). A recent review concluded that CSM is an acceptable ingredient in poultry diets (Świątkiewicz et al., 2016). However, the use of CSM as a protein source in poultry diets is limited due to the presence of gossypol, variation in nutrient composition and a relati ...

IntroductionEgg production, as an industrial activity, is always aimed at improving efficiency in production and economy by benefiting from the genetic potential presented by the current strains of commercial egg-producing hens. However, a constant concern lies in good nutrition. Given this aspect, one should be careful with the reduction of crude protein in diets for poultry due to a reduction in ...

During the summertime, most broiler producers would not consider a house temperature in the low 80's of particular concern, even with a house full of near-market-age birds. But in truth they should be. Because without sufficient air speed, the use of evaporative cooling pads to keep house temperature to a minimum can cause bird body temperatures to quickly rise even if the house temperature is rel ...

Heavy broilers with high breast meat yield are more susceptible to heat stress. Under high relative humidity, indoor air velocity (AV) becomes critical to offer optimal environmental conditions for growth and health. Four experiments were conducted under southeastern summer conditions to evaluate the effects of AV treatments (High vs. Low) on live performance, cut-up yields, meat quality and welfa ...

What are the vegetable proteins?• Soy Protein 65%• Fermented soybean meal 54%• Extruded and micronized soybean meal 48%• Extruded whole Soy meal soy 36%• Potato protein 80%• Algae meal 55%Animal protein is a feed ingredient of high quality and easily digestible, which is used as a supplement to diets for young animals. However, over the years, alternatives derived fro ...

1. IntroductionChickens represent the most widespread source of animal protein that is acceptable for nearly all communities, and, not surprisingly, the highly efficient commercial production of chickens is practised daily worldwide. However, chickens also represent a reservoir of zoonotic agents like Salmonella or Campylobacter.Chickens in commercial production are hatched from disinfected eggs i ...