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1 | INTRODUCTIONDue to the impact of climatic changes and other global events such as conflict, the Covid‐19 pandemic, recession, and supply chain issues, conventional feed ingredient prices are continually increasing. The effect of these constraints is felt largely in developing countries that are coming under huge pressure to source raw materials such as corn and soybean meal (Abro et al., ...

The average commercial broiler consumes 3.2 kg of feed over 35 days to achieve 1.8 kg of body weight, compared with more than 20 kg of feed over 112 days to attain the same weight in the 1920’s. This improvement in poultry growth performance has been achieved, in large part, through advances in animal genetics, health, and nutrition, including the use of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters s ...

IntroductionNecrotic enteritis (NE) is one of the most important enteric infectious diseases affecting global poultry production with an estimated annual economic loss of more than $2 billion, largely attributable to increased costs associated with medical treatments and impaired growth performance [1,2]. Host-pathogen interaction in NE is complex and the nature of host and pathogen genetic factor ...

Introduction Antibiotics, since their discovery in the 1920s, have played a critical role in contributing to the economic effectiveness of animal production as feed supplements at sub-therapeutic doses, to improve growth and feed conversion efficiency, and to prevent infections [1]. In-feed antibiotics (IFAs) are a common and well-established practice in the animal industry that has contributed t ...